蒙元宮廷中瓷器使用初探

元代有沒有存在一個特定的窯場或機構專門負責生產宮廷用瓷？這樣一個機構如何組織和運作？以蒙古人為首的政權對它有多重視？他們的品味有多大的影響力？元政府對當時瓷器的生產和發展有何貢獻？在研究資料的欠缺下，這些疑問都不易回答，希望透過本文的研究能具體形塑出元代宮廷中使用瓷器的面貌。本文首先重新解讀有關元代「官窯」的有限文獻，來看《元史》中所提到的「浮梁磁局」，及一些零散記錄元政府遣官到景德鎮督陶的相關活動，提醒研究者勿將其輕易等同宋代或明清時期的官窯，以免造成誤解，且應認識到掌管「浮梁磁局」在元政府機構中位階低（正九品），相較於備受重視的織造或金工手工業，燒瓷並不受到特別的重視；雖然元中後期，政府曾派遣位階較高的官員到景德鎮督陶，但多為臨時性的派任而非常態性地設官；再配合元大都、景德鎮出土的瓷器和帶有與官府相關銘款的瓷器，推論宮廷中所使用瓷器來自一個以上的窯口，且在質量上並不特出，而「有命則供，否則止」的機制似乎較符合蒙元宮廷需求瓷器的實情。大汗的宮廷中，充斥著金碧輝煌的日常生活用器，多為金銀或寶石等珍貴材質所製作，以蒙古人為首的統治階層對在中土通行的瓷器並未特別青睞，因此在本文對蒙元宮廷中瓷器使用面貌客觀的觀察下，如何定義元代「官窯」、如何定位蒙元統治者在元代陶瓷發展中的影響，尚有很大的討論空間，有待日後進一步的研究來釐清。

關鍵字

元代；官窯；浮梁磁局；御土窯；青花瓷；蒙元

並列摘要

Was there a kiln especially working for the Mongol court? How was such a kiln organized? Did it contribute to the origins and development of blue-and-white porcelain? It is natural to raise the question about Mongols' role in the production of ceramics since the rapid change in ceramic production during the Yuan dynasty coincided with Mongol rule. These are questions that cannot be easily answered due to the lack of direct evidence. In this study, I look at evidence of some relevant textual records and archaeological materials, especially the excavations in the capital, Dadu, to establish the context in which ceramics were used in the Yuan court. In addition, I consider whether ceramics were important to the Mongols, and in what way they were important to see their relative status in the daily utensils employed in the Your court.

並列關鍵字

Mongols ； Yuan court ； Dadu ； blue-and-white porcelain

參考文獻

Dawson, Christopher(1955).The Mongol Mission: Narratives and Letters of the Franciscan Missionaries in Mongolia and China in the Thirteen and Fourteenth Centuries.