誰人空塚掩荒蓁—叩問壺關上好牢1號墓的「話語」邏輯

Whose Grave Is This: Contextualizing Shanghaolao Tomb No.1 in Huguan, Shanxi

李清泉(Li, Qing-quan)

《國立臺灣大學美術史研究集刊》 49期 (2020/09) Pp. iii+iv+95-165+167-186+304

https://doi.org/10.6541/TJAH.202009_(49).0002

摘要

由於考古發現的大量墓葬往往缺少涉及墓主人身份和生平的墓誌或題記資料，很難從中分辨出與死者個人及其家庭有關的「特殊」信息，從而使得墓葬美術研究在很大程度上成為一般文化史、社會生活史和喪葬習俗史研究的附庸。故，如何從墓葬美術的習俗「慣例」中辨析出其所包含的特殊消息，顯然還需要我們在方法論層面多做探索與思考。本文擬以發現於山西壺關上好牢村的一座宋金時期壁畫墓（M1）為例，嘗試從這座墓葬的建築形式、壁畫內容和題詩文字之超出「慣例」的種種表現，考析、清理隱含於其間的消息內涵；並嘗試通過悉心辨讀這幾類材料所共同包含的話語邏輯，來尋找一位歷史人物、進而達成對這座墓葬之「特殊」信息深入理解的可能性。文章最終將揭示：上好牢1號墓應系為一無法歸葬的男性死者而建，其年代應在金代初年；男主人生前極有可能是一名身份較高的南宋武官，大抵於宋金戰爭期間客死他鄉；整個墓葬的建築形式、裝飾話語以及題詩文字，仿佛都在隱晦地表達著對這位「缺席」死者命運與遭際的慨歎與哀傷。總之，借助這座墓葬，本文希望提示一種從「話語邏輯」尋讀歷史真相的可行性。

關鍵字

上好牢1號墓 ； 建築 ； 壁畫 ； 題詩 ； 話語邏輯

並列摘要

Since many archaeologically excavated tombs lack epitaphs or inscriptions which provide information on the identity of the tomb occupants as well as their life stories, it is difficult to differentiate the specific messages about the individual and his or her family from all the relics unearthed. As a result, tomb art has largely become an appendage to the research on cultural history, social life history, and funerary customs. To identify these specific messages amid the ＂conventionalities＂ of tomb art and funerary customs, further examination is required on the methodologies currently adopted in tomb art studies. Taking Shanghaolao Tomb No.1 found in Huguan, Shanxi as an example, this essay examines its architectural form, mural content, and ink inscriptions, so as to analyze the ＂unconventionalities＂ in these three aspects and uncover the implicit connotations. By paying scrupulous attention to the contextual logics shared by these materials, the author seeks to locate a historical figure and hopefully gain a thorough understanding of the ＂specific＂ messages embedded in this tomb. This essay reveals that Shanghaolao Tomb No. 1 was built around the early Jin period for a dead man who was later unable to come back and be buried in his homeland. It is highly possible that this intended male occupant was a high-ranking official before his death in a foreign land during the war between Song and Jin. The overall architectural form, decorative content, and ink inscriptions of this tomb seem to convey an implicit expression of sympathy and mourning for this absent occupant. By presenting this case study, this essay proposes and demonstrates the possibility of seeking historical truth through contextual logics in tomb art.

並列關鍵字

Shanghaolao Tomb No.1 ； architecture ； mural ； inscription ； contextual logics

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