臺灣菸害防制政策的性別分析：以女性吸菸為例

目標：有鑑於目前臺灣的「吸菸趨勢分期」屬於第二階段，為避免女性吸菸率在菸商加強行銷後如國際預估持續上升，需檢視我國菸害防制政策是否具備性別觀點，也符合聯合國所提「性別主流化」的策略。方法：以加拿大衛生署性別基礎方法分析我國菸害防制相關政策－以菸害防制法、菸品健康福利捐與孕婦吸菸為例。結果：我國目前菸害防制政策及實施過程較缺社會如何建構性別的觀點；也較缺乏具性別分析的相關研究；對女性會吸菸的動機與背後社會脈絡的理由在研究佐證方面有待著力；政策未將男性、女性、男孩、女孩都明列進去，只籠統以整體為對象，較少不同性別、年齡、階級與種族的分析。本研究發現制訂法令的群體並未完全瞭解性別主流化的概念，政策的擬定是否對男女公平或其意義缺乏深入考量，導致政策制訂或頒佈時可能對不同性別的均衡發展造成有意或無意的危害。結論：加強性別分析觀點的研究，以俾政策制訂的參考；同時也需加強探討性別刻板印象對男女吸菸的影響，明暸媒體採用性別意涵作為手段誤導男女成為吸菸族的策略；加強民間團體尤其是婦女團體的參與菸害防制工作。

關鍵字

菸害防制政策；性別分析；女性吸菸

並列摘要

Objectives: Currently, Taiwan is in the second phase of the ”four-stage model of tobacco epidemic” we need to examine the tobacco control policy from the gender perspective for two purposes. One is to prevent the female smoking rate from increasing by the marketing of the tobacco industry, the other is to respond to the concept of gender mainstreaming of the United Nations. Methods: We adopted Gender-Based Analysis from Health Canada. The Tobacco Hazards Prevention Act, Tobacco Health Tax, and the proposed pregnant women smoking prohibition regulation will be examined in this study. Results: Tobacco control policies in Taiwan now, lack gender perspective. Related research also need gender analysis. The motivation under the social context of female smoking has not been fully studied. The terms of women and men including girls and boys were not clearly listed in the policies, but were viewed as a whole instead. Furthermore, the policies also were not closely concerned with the diversity of sex, age, socioeconomic status and ethnicity. Our analysis observed that the policy-making groups did not completely comprehend the concept of gender mainstreaming, the fairness to different genders and the implications of policies were not well considered; it may consciously or unconsciously damage gender development. Conclusions: We should conduct more gender analysis on researches in order to provide reference to those policy makers. It is necessary to do gender education and to explore the effect of gender stereotypes on smoking, as well as to interpret the marketing strategies with gender awareness. Last, we should invite more NGOs and women's organizations to join the tobacco control movement.