趙汝愚與南宋中期政爭

趙汝愚（1140-1196）字子直，太宗八世孫，南渡後家於餘干。乾道二年舉進士第一，宗室中狀元者汝愚為第一人。召試館職，除秘書省正字。孝宗有志恢復，汝愚首陳自治之策，孝宗稱善。遂不次拔擢，出鎮全蜀。光宗紹熙二年（1191）召還，除吏部尚書，不及兩年，便除知樞密院事。五年夏，孝宗崩，光宗以疾不能執喪，汝愚乃請吳太皇太后垂簾，請光宗下手詔立皇子嘉王為皇帝。韓侂冑因係吳太皇太后的內甥，又是寧宗韓皇后的叔曾祖，所以汝愚請其居中傳話。汝愚拜宰相後，韓侂冑自以為亦有定策功，欲為節度使，為汝愚所拒，心甚恨之。乃在寧宗前進讒言：「宗室主政將不利社稷。」時汝愚已由樞密使拜右丞相，頗欲振紀綱，惜名器，朝中群奸凡不得志者皆怨之。韓侂冑乃舉薦他們為臺諫，紛紛上奏彈劾汝愚有異謀，寧宗倚信侂冑，竟於慶元元年（1195）二月降制罷免汝愚，而臺諫仍奏劾不已，乃有責授寧遠軍節度副使、永州安置之命。汝愚赴永州，行至衡州，便生病逝世了。侂冑既逐汝愚，仍不罷休，還指附和汝愚的士大夫朱熹、彭龜年、陳傅良等為奸黨，稱他們所倡的道學為偽學，乃嚴加禁止，史稱「慶元黨禁」。侂冑從此專政，以後政爭不斷，國勢益衰。

關鍵字

趙汝愚；韓侂冑；宗室；外戚；慶元黨禁

並列摘要

Ruyu Zhou (1140-1196) took Zizhi as his byname; he was an eighth generation offspring of Emperor SongTaiZong. After Song Dynasty moved down to the south, his family was relocated at Yugan. In the 2nd year of Qiandao Period, he was the top on the list of those who passed the highest imperial civil service examination, which was a success unprecedented in his family. At first, he was called upon and given a position at the Library of Royal House(秘書省) to be in charge of printing and proof-reading. Knowing that Emperor Shiaozong was intent to regain the lost North, Ruyu submitted a statement on how to improve administration, which was greatly appreciated by the Emperor. Ruyu was then moved up the ladder and appointed as the head of Shu District (now Sichuan Province). At the 2nd year of ShaoXi Period in Emperor Guangzong's reign, Ruyu was called back to the central government and given the position as the Head of Government Officials(吏部尚書); within 2 years' time, he took the post of officer(院事) in Council of Military Affairs(樞密院). At the 5th year of ShaoXi Period in the summer, Emperor Shiaozong died; Emperor Guangzong was too sick to be in charge of the funeral, so Ruyu suggested the Grandmother Queen-Wu to sit behind a screen as the real decision maker in the court and asked Emperor Guangzong to emthrone his son, King Jia as the succeeding Emperor. Tuozho Han was the nephew to the Grandmother Queen-Wu and also the great great uncle of the newly-made Queen-Han, wife to the new Emperor (King Jia). Ruyu then asked Tuozho Han to pass the message since he was related to the royal house in so many aspects. In the new regime, Ruyu served as the Prime Minister and Tuozo Han considered himself as having great contribution in the new power structure; Han asked to be appointed as a District Military Head sent by the central government(節度使)but was refused by Ruyu, thus starting to hate Ruyu. Han said bad words about Ruyu before the new Emperor Ningzong (King Jia), indicating that ”relatives of the royal house serving in decision making position will do harm to the government.” Ruyu was by that time the promoted from Head of Military Affairs(樞密使) to serve as Chief Prime Minister(右丞相); he wanted to discipline the court and was reluctant in giving positions away as political bargains; those who did not get what they wanted thus hated Ruyu. Tuozo Han recommended those batch to serve as Counselors for Impeachment (臺諫), who, one after another, reported to Emperor Ningzong that Ruyu was ambitious and coveted the crown. Emperor Ningzong believed Tuozo Han and his supporters and gave a verdict to ask Ruyu to step down from his Prime Minister position in the 1st year of Qingyuan Period (1195). But that did not appease the antagonism against Ruyu; they kept writing unfavorable reports, until eventually Ruyu was dispatched to serve as the Deputy District Military Head at Ninyuan(寧遠軍節度副使) and Head of Civil Engineering at Yongzhou(永州安置). On his way to Yongzhou, Ruyu got sick while he got to Hengzhou and died. Touzo Han did not stop after he had successfully dispelled Ruyu; he accused scholars like Xi Zhu(朱熹), Guinian Peng(彭龜年) and Fuliang Chen(陳傅良), who befriended Ruyu as conspirators and banned Taoism as false scholarship-the learning those scholars advocated. This was termed as ”Qingyuan Ban on Political Parties”. Tuozo Han hence secured power, and ushered in unceasing political struggles that were to weaken Southern Song Dynasty little by little.