《滿蒙漢合璧教科書》與清末蒙古教育改革初探

Man Meng Han He Bi Jiao Ke Shu and Mongolian Educational Reform in the Late Qing

林士鉉(Shih-hsuan Lin)

《輔仁歷史學報》 32期 (2014/03) Pp. 123-173

摘要

《滿蒙漢合璧教科書》是清末東北地區以滿文、蒙文推行「國文」的小學堂教科書，也可謂是當時針對蒙古教育最具代表性的新式小學堂教材，其時代意義十分特殊，郤鮮少有人討論分析。當時晚清政府的改革面向觸及邊疆地區，以「蒙漢同化」為方法的蒙古教育新轉向即是一例。進入清末新政階段之後，官方及民間均反省新式教育的成效，要求徹底落實以國文教育為基礎的啟蒙教育。東北當局乃以商務印書館刊印的《最新初等高等國文科教科書》為底本，繙譯成滿、蒙文，作為地方小學堂教材使用。此套書的版本甚多，流傳範圍已超過清末東北地區。根據檔案記載，可知編譯之背景、過程，及譯者榮德的事蹟，再據各種書目及教科書內容亦可知此書存在複雜的版本現象。筆者分析課文及譯文內容，亦發現作為推行於東北邊疆地區的教科書，明顯突出國家意識，卻沒有相應的邊疆內容，滿文、蒙文譯本也無法改變此現象。但是東北當局也有配套作法，即同時發行滿蒙漢三種語文合璧的〈諭哲里木盟十旗興學勸業文〉，此文基於東北邊疆情勢的現狀，說明且宣傳推行教育與發展實業。

關鍵字

滿蒙漢合璧教科書 ； 清朝 ； 滿洲 ； 蒙古 ； 東北 ； 國文教育

並列摘要

In the northeast region of the late Qing, Man Meng Han He Bi Jiao Ke Shu(Textbook in a Combination of Three Scripts, Manchu, Mongol, and Chinese) is the official primary educational textbook that trying to carry out the ＂Guo Wen＂(Chinese) education by using the Manchu, Mongolian language. This textbook was also the most representative of the modern Mongolian education of primary school textbooks but still little discussed. The late Qing government's reform included the frontier, ＂Mongolian-Han Chinese assimilation＂ as a new method of Mongolian education, was an obvious example. The Reforms in Late Qing (1901-1911), both official and civil society reflected on the effectiveness of the modern education, and called for a thorough implementation of the primary education based on the teaching of ＂Guo Wen＂(Chinese). Northeast of local government according to the Zui Xin Chu Deng Gao Deng Guo Wen Ke Jiao Ke Shu(The Latest Primary and Higher Chinese Textbook) published by the Commercial Press in Shanghai, translated into Manchu and Mongolian, as the local primary school textbooks. There are many versions of this book, spread over the scope of the northeastern region of the Qing Dynasty. According to the archives, in addition to understanding the background and process of translation, but also shows some deeds of the translator Rongde. Besides by some bibliographies, we know this textbook spread widely with complex versions. We find that the textbook used in the northeast frontier, but without corresponding content both in the original text and its translations. The consciousness about nation sate was strong but the frontier and ethnic groups almost played no positive role in this textbook. We also can find the northeast authorities supporting practices that published Mongolian Manchu Chinese three languages Combination Yu Zhe Li Mu Meng Shi Qi Xing Xue Quan Ye Wen (＂Letter of instruction to the ten banners of the Jerim League to foster learning and encourage industry＂). This article based on the crisis of the northeast frontier situation, illustrated and promoted the implementation of the education and development of industry

並列關鍵字

Man Meng Han He Bi Jiao Ke Shu ； Qing dynasty ； Manchu ； Mongolian ； Manchuria ； Chinese Education

參考文獻

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