明清道教中的民間神祗經典研究

道教在創立之初希望能區隔儒家和民間祭祀傳統，認為天界神祇為清靜道炁所化，因此標榜「神不飲（血）食」，但到唐宋以後，由於地方社會興起，各地域信仰有更大的影響力。道教在面對這樣的情況，選擇與這些地方神祇合作，將其納編進道教神譜之中，在道藏中便可發現不少新造構的民間神祇傳記或經典。本文整理《正統道藏》、《續道藏》、《重刊道藏輯要》、《藏外道書》等藏經中的民間神祇經典，嘗試分析這些新經典的造經模式與特質，同時探討道教是如何改造、納編這些神祇，以及相關的宗教現象，由此觀察近世道教如何與民間宗教互動，掘發道教另一重的面向與特質。文中指出這些神祇經典多與宋代之後興起的信仰有關，涵括了官方崇祀與發展為全國性信仰的北極四聖、文昌帝君、真武大帝、天妃、碧霞元君等神祇，朝廷敕封與造構經典互為表裡，具有「正典化」的意義，同時也隱涵著一種「帝國的隱喻」。而這些神祇經典在傳統道經形式中加入了啟請、至心皈命、奉禮咒、聖號寶誥等新的節次，除了反映神祇觀念的轉變外，也可能是受到宋代以後興起的扶鸞降筆與新興道法傳統的影響，尤其到了明清之後，扶鸞降筆幾乎超越了道士造經，成為新道經出世的主要管道與模式，值得進一步的關注。

關鍵字

道教經典；民間神祇；正典化；敕封；帝國隱喻

並列摘要

At the beginning of its founding, Taoism hoped to distinguish between Confucianism and folk sacrificial traditions. It believed that the gods of the heavens were transformed by pure air of Tao(道炁). Therefore, it advertised that ＂Gods do not drink (blood) food＂ (神不飲食). However, after the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to the rise of local society, various regions Faith has a greater influence, so Taoism also chooses to cooperate with these local deities, and many new biographies or scriptures of folk deities can be found in Taoism. This article sorts out the scriptures of folk deities in the Collection of Taoist Canon (＂Zhengtong DaoZang＂, ＂Xu DaoZang＂, ＂DaoZang Jiyao＂, ＂Zangwai DaoShu＂), and tries to analyze the models and characteristics of these new scriptures. At the same time, it discusses how Taoism incorporates and reforms these gods, and related religious phenomena, so as to observe how modem Taoism interacts with folk religions. The article points out that these folk deities scriptures are mostly related to the beliefs that emerged after the Song Dynasty, including the official worship of the Four Arctic Saints(北極四聖), Wenchang(文昌), Zhenwu(真武), Tianfei(天妃), Bixia Yuanjun(碧霞元君) and other deities. Therefore, conferred titles from the imperial court and created new scriptures are the methods of ＂canonization＂. And these scriptures inserts the section of prayer, confession to the heart, ritual mantra, holy name(sacred title), etc., which are different from the traditional Taoist scriptures. On the one hand, it reflects the change in the concept of gods. On the other hand, it is also influenced by the Flying Phoenix(扶鸞) and Exorcism(驅邪儀式) emerged after the Song Dynasty. Especially Flying Phoenix (扶鸞) almost became the main channel and mode for the birth of new scriptures after the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which deserves further attention.