論唐五代宮怨詞的創作因由與藝術風貌

唐五代詞家填製宮怨主題之作的主要因由有二：一是緣自唐以前已有宮怨主題之詩賦和唐代宮怨詩盛行，此可得證於唐五代宮怨詞對前出同主題詩賦成分的汲取，以及有逾半數的唐五代宮怨詞家亦創作宮怨詩，且詩之數量超過詞；二是感於當時後宮現象與同情宮人遭遇，此可依據當時文獻所載與詞作內容考得。基於前述二項因由製成之宮怨詞，除了呈現出淵源有自與真切動人的藝術風貌以外；詞體的「要眇宜修」特質與當時詞須交付美女演唱的「應歌」狀況，所促成之內容集中表現於後庭富麗冷寂的空間意蘊與宮女寂寞痛苦的人物情思，則使唐五代宮怨詞在「情」、「景」兩方面，交織出入微深刻的境界；而詞體句式的長短錯落，則使之更顯韻味深長。是以，唐五代宮怨詞雖然受到前出宮怨主題詩賦的影響，卻仍具有不同於前出宮怨主題詩賦之藝術風貌，值得細品。

關鍵字

唐五代詞；宮怨；宮女；主題學

並列摘要

The ci poets in the Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties preferred to write the themes of palace grievance for the following two causes. First of all, writing classical poetry in shi or fu form about the sorrow or solitude of palace maids had been prospering since early Tang Dynasty. Numerous palace-grievance ci works created during the Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties were seen traces of mimicking shi or fu poems of the same themes, and over half of the palace-grievance ci poets composed more palace-grievance shi poems than ci. Secondly, then palace in-house occurrences arose widespread sympathy toward palace maids, which was well addressed in historical documents and previous ci works. As a result, the palace-grievance ci works presented an artistic atmosphere of authenticity and sensibility. To satisfy the request for the beauty of delicacy, subtleness and polish in ci's formation, and to be served as lyrics sung by girls, the content of ci focused on depicting scenery and feelings, including the palace image of magnificence and solitude, and the gloomy, lonely mood of palace maids, both being interweaved into an artistic state surpassing what shi or fu could ever reached.