臺灣地區國術館現況分析

An Analytic Report on the Chinese Boxing House in Taiwan-a Questionaire-Based Study

蘇士博

《體育學報》 16期 (1993/12) Pp. 165-182

https://doi.org/10.6222/pej.0016.199312.3311

摘要

本研究台灣地區開業的國術館或命名同義詞者為樣本，實施問卷調查，主要在於瞭解近代國術館的發展史實，並探討國術館負責人習武的目的，途徑和傳承經過，以及目前經營的業務走向。其研究結果如下：
一、在國術館負責人中，近九成的人都曾學過武術，但有從事敎拳授藝者卻不到三成。
二、開館方面，實無性別上的限制，但仍以男性占大多數。
三、在學歷方面，以小學為主、中學次之、大專程度以上又次之，而僅受私墊敎育或未入學者最少。
四、在經營的業務方面，八成的人以從事損傷接骨、推拿等傷科醫療為主、敎授國術者次之、中醫治療最少。
五、拳術方面，名詞種類繁多，以練南派少林拳占大多數，如：太祖拳、白鶴拳、金鷹拳……等；此派少林拳與內家拳次之。亦有習練跆拳道、合氣道者。
六、師承方面，受訪者大多不願透露，有的根本不知師父、祖師的姓名，能說出師承譜系者並不多。
七、習武途徑方面，以正式拜師為主，嫡傳相承次之。
八、習式目的上以興趣為主，防身自衛、強健體魄次之、保衛鄉裏者又次之。
九、習武方式以採口傳身授為主，僅少數以文字圖譜為輔，或自行鑽研而成。
十、在輔助習武敎材方面，將近五成的受訪者曾使用過輔助器材，其中以石鎖最多，石擔、砂包（袋）、木樁以及舉重等器材次之。
十一、分級分段的制度方面，僅一成半的受訪者表示，其門派或拳種制訂有一套完善的鑑定制度。
十二、有六成的國術館業者，除練武學拳外，也須習練各式武陣，其中以獅陣為主，且最為普遍；宋江陣次之。

並列摘要

In this paper, we present the results of investigation based on the questionnaires over the Chinese boxing house or institutes bearing the name with the same meaning in the Taiwan area. Our purpose is to uncover the developing history of contemporary Chinese boxing house and find out the conductors' motivation of studying and process of learning, the way they pass on from generation to generation and their current direction of running business. The results of our study can be summarized as follows:
1. Among the conductors of the Chinese boxing house, ninety percent learn martial arts; however, those who practice teaching do not reach thirty percent.
2. Though there exists no sexual discrimination on the running of a Chinese boxing house, male conductors are still the majority.
3. Regarding the education background, the majority received primary school education; those who got high school education take the second and finally, those who obtained college or higher education. Those who acquired only private education or none at all are rare.
4. As to the business they run, eighty percent do the business of injury healing such as uniting a fractured bone or fixing a dislocated bone by massage. Those who teach Chinese martial arts are second in number. Only few of them practice Chinese medical healing.
5. In terms of boxing, there are a variety of names. The majority practice southern shao-lin boxing like tai-tzu, pai-ho(white crane),chin-ing (golden eagle)...etc. Second in number are those who practice northern shao-lin or the internal work. Some also practice teak won or aikido.
6. As for the succession of teaching from master to disciples, most of the interviewees refuse to tell us about it. Some of them do not even know the names of their tutors or grandtutors. Only few of them know their succession of teachings.
7.Most of them learn martial arts by way of formal apprenticing under a master. The others learned by succeeding their fathers' career.
8. Their motivation of studying includes interest, self-protection and body-strenghening. A few of them learn this skill for the purpose of pretecting their hometown.
9. Chinese martial arts are mostly handed down through aral teaching and demonstration. Only few people are self-educated or learned through the assistance of literature or illustrations.
10. With regard to the teaching materials, near fifty percent of the interviewees ever used assistant materials. Stone locks are used most, and then bar stone balls, sandbags, stakes and weight-lifting materials.
11. As to the system of classing or garding, only fifteen percent of the interviewees show that they have a complete judging system.
12. Among ten Chinese boxing house runners, six of the have to learn various kinds of martial formation other than martial arts. Lion formation is the most popular and the second one, song-chiang formation.