西方自然體育思想形成之歷史背景及其在中國推展之反思

Organizational Background of the Natural Physical Education Thought in the Western and Reflection of Promotion in the Domest

王建臺(Chien-Tai Wang)

《體育學報》 18期 (1994/12) Pp. 25-35

https://doi.org/10.6222/pej.0018.199412.3403

摘要

自然體育思想源於歐洲，係對中世紀宗敎上形式主義之一種反動與挑戰，法國盧梭在其所著「愛彌兒」一書中，將此思想做深刻的描述，並將其展露無遺。德國巴塞斗、顧茲姆斯等人再將其發揚光大；而奧地利學者高爾霍費爾氏所創立的「自然體育體系」，在二十世紀初對歐洲各國的影響最爲深遠。另在美國，本世紀初所體現的「新體育」理念，結合歐洲自然體育的精神，流傳至世界各地，我國亦受其影響，並極爲深遠。惟自然體育思想當時在中國無法全面落實及其所衍生之其它問題，包括全盤否定兵式體操的價値，對當時學校體育發展衝擊不小；嗣後造成放羊式敎學及錦標主義風氣之濫殤等等，泰半是中國本身政治、經濟、社會、敎育、文化等背景使然。故自然體育思想，實爲本世紀最重要且影響至爲深遠之體育思想之一。

關鍵字

自然教育 ； 軍國民體育 ； 思想 ； 近代體育

並列摘要

Derived from Europe, natural physical education was a reaction and challenge to the medieval religious formalism; and the thought of this school found its full expression in the book, Emile, written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau of France, and was further developed by such Germans as J. B. Basedow and Gusts Muths. And the ”Natural Physical Education System,” founded by the Austrian Karl Gaulhofer, exerted its profoundest influence on European countries at the beginning of the twentieth century. Furthermore, the idea of ”New Physical Education,” which was embodied in the United States at the beginning of this century, combined with the spirit of European natural physical education and spread all over the world; our country was also subjected to its influence. As for the fact that natural physical education in those days failed to be fully fulfilled, as well as other issues derived from this, including total negation of the value of military physical exercise, they had quite an impact on the development of physical education in shcools at that time. The laissez-faire teaching and the prevalence of trophyism that arose thereafter were mostly caused by the political, economic, social, educational, and cultural backgrounds of China in itself. Therefore, natural physical education thought is one of the most important physical education thoughts that have had the most profound influence in the twentieth century.

並列關鍵字

Natural Physical Education ； Military Physical Education ； thought ； Modern Physical Education