《合作的艱難》勞動合作社的比較利益－以勞動者觀點出發

本研究源於勞動彈性化擴大非典就業及普遍性低薪，但標榜尊嚴勞動與經濟自立的勞動合作社卻並非勞工就業的優先選項，組織發展亦長期疲弱不振。故本研究以勞動者觀點出發，運用半結構訪談及次級資料分析組織內部行動者運作實態與社員／受僱者的比較利益，呈現理論框架與在地現實的反差從而詮釋勞工的集體不選擇。研究發現，影響勞動合作社運作存有多重的因果關聯，包括偏向勞力密集市場不符現代勞動者技能與消費市場需求、勞動法令與社會保險制度的適用差異墊高社員的機會成本，也會阻礙勞動者的投入意願及組織召募的媒合機會。勞動合作社雖採取放寬社員義務及選擇性參與作為因應，但這種折衷策略也產生出全職、贊助、兼職等社員類型，雖有助於減少營運成本，但社員多態性也造成需求與參與的異質，並且容易引發所有權與控制權的分離與搭便車。隨著勞動合作社退出一般市場或偽合作化，而自社會中隱形，也導致勞動者除受僱之外別無選擇的惡性循環。對此，研究者提出「修復合作生態系統」的制度構想，期待消除勞工自我組織的障礙並促使勞動合作社重返市場，重新建構實踐尊嚴勞動與社會經濟的合作系統。

關鍵字

勞動合作社；社會團結經濟；勞動制度；社會保險；比較利益；偽合作社

並列摘要

The concepts of the research come from the deterioration of labor market flexibility, expansion of atypical employment and the increasing prevalence of low-wage jobs. However, labor cooperatives which emphasize on decent work and self-reliance economic are never the first choice of labors. By the internal agents from the organization, the practice of the organization and the comparative advantage of members and employee, this research used the secondary literature and semi-structured interviews to analyze the gap between theory and real practice from the perspective of labors, and also explain why labors are collectively not willing to participate in labor cooperatives. The research has found that, there are many factors that affect the operations of labor cooperatives, for example, intensive-labor market positioning, mismatching of labor skills market demand. Members under the system of labor laws and social insurance must pay a higher opportunity cost than their employers, and this will hinder the wills of labor to enter labor cooperatives and increase the difficulties for the cooperatives to recruit new members. Some of the cooperatives use the compromise strategies such as relaxation of members' responsibilities and optional participation, however, these strategies would generate various member types like full-time members, sponsor members and part-time members. Through the diversified needs and participations from the members, these strategies lead to the separation of ownership and control, freeriding, and deterioration of labor cooperatives. The fact that a large number of labor cooperatives exit from the market or become pseudo-cooperatives, has made them invisible in the society, which further blocking labor participations, and fall into a vicious circle. As a result, researchers have put forward the policy concept called ＂rebuilding the cooperative ecosystem＂, with the hope of eliminating the obstacles for labor participations, and promote the reentering of labor cooperatives into the market. The goal is to build up a system that put decent work and socio economy into practice.