從語用觀點看政治論辯的言談策略

舉辦選舉辯論會為了解政見之途徑之一。本文以論辯理論及批判言談分析方式為基礎，對2008年總統選舉辯論進行研究。候選人之陳述內容須為斷言，才能免於推論謬誤，此乃論辯理論之原則。本文將觀察候選人之相關論辯問題：（1）常使用的言談策略形式與功能為何？（2）候選人是否達成論辯理論之要求，且具備成為斷言的必要相關條件？（3）是否有具體發揮辯論會的功能？結果發現候選人常透過使用代詞、副詞等方式來規避問題。另一方式則是將彼此之對立化為同等情況，使聽眾模糊候選人之個別差異；再透過其他對個人有利的事件，拉開競選雙方之距離。希望藉由這種批判文本的分析方式，透析競選言談策略，以提醒大眾要能以批判角度檢視政治人物，免於被其操弄。

關鍵字

論辯理論；批判言談分析；語用學；總統大選辯論會

並列摘要

During the campaign, people can know a political figure from a large number of messages in the media advertising or they can understand them by the candidate's debate. The function of presidential election TV debate should be provide more information, through the dialectic to as the basis of the public a deeper understanding of the candidates. This paper reports on Chinese political discourse in 2008 Taiwan presidential debate. This study uses a functional linguistic analytical methodology. The argumentation theory and critical discourse analyses are used as the tool to assess if the information provided by candidates' could be assertion. The aims of this paper through corpus analysis to address the following issues: (1) What kinds of discourse strategy that the candidates use in the step of mutual cross-examination? (2) The arguments by the candidates' debate whether can be assertion? (3) Is there a specific play to the functions of Taiwan's presidential candidates' debate? The findings suggested that the candidates always avoided answering questions from the competitor by using pronouns, adverbs and conjunctions. Beside, each candidate from opposing positions tried to reduce differences with negative events, and used discourse strategies to pull away from each other with advantageous events. It was concluded that the community should take the candidates' messages more critically to avoid being misled by politicians.