洪水過後的悲憤創造－平議“創造社”北伐時期文論之轉折

建立於五四啟蒙運動後的文學社團「創造社」，在社員多投入廣東政府的北伐行動後，轉變了原先浪漫主義的創作主張，提出「革命文學」的嶄新文論。創造社藉由自辦刊物《洪水》及《創造月刊》鼓吹「革命文學」，除了作為北伐行動的主要宣傳外，亦是共產主義的傳播窗口。本文旨在探論該社此時期的文論體系，藉由平議其中得失，來呈顯該社文論主張對北伐行動甚至於對當代的影響。得見該社無論在文學的發生、本質及批評之立論，皆亦步亦趨地追隨馬克思的唯物史觀，全然漠視文學創作裏關乎個人心靈活動與美感追求的意義，也曲解了中國文學創作思維及批評方式的傳統，反映出革命文學理論裏強烈的意識形態與政治意圖。唯由此更可細繹出：一、創造社的文論主張受當代知識青年歡迎的主要癥結，在於該社藉由「革命文學」來擘畫社會主義的富強願景，讓有志青年心生嚮往，而非文論之中的意涵；二、由於創造社用「革命文學」的題目結合北伐行動與共產思想，視北伐為革命的代名詞，並將此概念深植在當代青年的意識中，成為潛藏在北伐行動裏的最大隱憂。北伐成功後創造社雖旋即被國民黨政府所查禁，卻仍維續其影響力，讓共產黨在軍事行動失敗後仍能重掌「革命文學」的大纛，在上海振興思想的旗鼓，培養攫取政權的隱然實力。始作「革命文學」俑者的創造社，雖然其唯物史觀的文論禁不起任何檢驗，但在經過共產黨的重塑後，成為赤化中國的思想助力。

關鍵字

創造社；革命文學；共產主義；郭沫若；成仿吾

並列摘要

A literary association formed after the May Fourth Movement, the Creative Society changed from the original stand of romanticism in literary creation to advocating the ”Revolutionary Literature” after its members joined the Northward Expedition of the Guangdong Government. The Creative Society used its publications The Flood and Creative Monthly to advocate revolutionary literature. These two publications not only served as the main propaganda tools of the Northward Expedition, but also as the vehicles for spreading communism. The purpose of this paper is to study the system of the literary creation theory of this Society during this period and uses its merits and faults to show the impact of the Society's literary creation theory on the Northward Expedition, even the contemporary society. In the origin, essence and foundation of criticism in literature, the Society followed the historical materialism of the Marxist at each move, totally ignored the individual's spiritual activities and the pursue of estheticism in literary creation, misconstrued the tradition of creative thinking and the way of criticism in Chinese literary creation, reflected the strong ideology and the political intention in the theory of the revolutionary literature. The following can be deduced from the results of this study: 1. The main reason why the theory of literary creation of this Society was welcome by the contemporary young intellectuals was because the Society used the ”Revolutionary Literature” to paint a wealthy and powerful promised land of socialism for the youth of high ambitions to look forward to and not the meaning of the theory of literary creation; 2. The Society used the title of ”Revolutionary Literature” to unit the Northward Expedition and the Communist ideology, considering the Northward Expedition and the Communism synonyms, implanted this concept in the consciousness of the contemporary youth, thus became the most lurking danger of the Northward Expedition. Although the Creation Society was banned by the government of the Nationalist Party (KMT) soon after the success of the Northward Expedition, its influence lingered and let the Communist Party reclaim the ”Revolutionary Literature” banner even after its military defeat, became the tool for drumming up the Communist ideology in Shanghai and the secret force for seizing the political power. Although the historical materialism based literary creation theory of the Creation Society, the originator of the ”Revolutionary Literature”, could not stand any tests for its rational, yet in the political power struggle, it became the key force in communizing China by the Communists and changed the political situation in modern China.