越南黎忠義「生祠」及「後神」碑銘研究

《漢喃銘文拓片總集》眾多碑銘中有一類拓片十分特別，此類碑銘的題名為「後（后）碑」，可區分為後佛、後神、後鄉、後忌等多種。其中的後神碑銘，又有與生祠碑銘連用，或是同存並立的情形，呈現既有生祠又有後神的奉祀類型，為中國文化與越南民俗的融合展現。越南清化省東山縣安獲社鋭村的黎忠義生祠，即屬此種生祠碑記和後神碑記兼備的地方奉祀。安獲社鋭村為宦官黎忠義的家鄉，在其勢力高峰時，替黎忠義興建了此座生祠，祠左右各有兩方石碑，不僅為黎忠義一生事蹟之記錄，亦對鄰近各村社奉祀黎忠義為後神的原由與儀式加以記載，其詳列村社奉祀忌禮的組織架構與進行流程，足為越南特有的民族奉祀文化之例證。本文針對這四方共十面碑銘的拓片文字進行解析，對比銘文內容與史書記事的關連性，藉以說明碑銘對於史料的補證價值；再者從碑銘所記存的儀式內容，說明越南生祠與後神的奉祀特色，以為地方供祭之例證。因此研究黎忠義公生祠及後神碑銘，不僅得以一窺越南立後風俗之堂奧，對於中越文化關係，更能提供新的觀察角度，極富探查研究價值。

關鍵字

生祠；後碑；越南；碑銘；宦官

並列摘要

Hou Bei is a very particular kind of epitaphs among numerous stele epitaphs of ”Han Nan Epitaphs Collection”. Hou Bei can be categorized as Hou Fo, Hou Shen, Hou Xiang, Hou Ji, etc. Among these, some Hou Shen epitaphs are attached to Sheng Ci (shrine) epitaphs or both were erected simultaneously. The combination of Sheng Ci and Hou Shen sacrifices/offerings portrays the fusion of Chinese and Vietnamese cultures.Li Zhong Yi Shrine-located in Dong Shan county, Qing Hua province, Vietnam-is the regional shrine with both Sheng Ci and Hou Shen epitaphs. Villagers built this shrine for Li Zhong Yi when he was in the prime of his political power. There are two pieces of steles on both sides of the shrine. Li Zhong Yi's achievements are inscribed in these epitaphs, along with the reasons and ceremonies of worshiping Li Zhong Yi as Hou Shen in the neighboring villages. The illustrated frameworks and ceremonial process of sacrifices/offerings to the God or the deceased provide evidence of the particular Vietnamese culture.This study aims to analyze the four pieces of steles and ten epitaphs to evaluate the correlation of the contents with historical records, as well as to explain the value of epitaphs in historical context. This will help expose the mystery of the Vietnamese Li Hou custom, and provide new insights on China's and Vietnam's cultural relationship.