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柏拉圖〈費多篇〉靈魂不朽學說初探

A Study of Plato's Philosophy of Life and Death-An Investigation Focusing on "Pltaedo"

摘要


柏拉圖生死哲學的基本命題是「死亡是靈魂從身體的釋放」。其對生死哲學的探討主要集中在〈費多篇〉(Phaedo)、〈曼諾篇〉、〈國家篇〉、〈蒂邁歐篇〉、〈斐德羅篇〉、〈智者篇〉、〈法律篇〉等篇章論述中。其中,〈費多篇〉所提到的靈魂不朽學說,來自於對畢達哥拉斯死亡哲學的發展;其內涵分別以古代再生傳說、回憶說、靈魂不毀論、理型論來論證「靈魂不朽」之理。由此揭示哲學家面對死亡所應具備的超然態度,也進一步強調以哲學作為死亡練習之意義。

關鍵字

靈魂不朽 柏拉圖 回憶說 理型 死亡

並列摘要


The basic proposition of Plato's theory of life and death is that ”death releases the soul from the body”. His philosophy of life and death is discussed mainly in the writings of ”Phaedo”, ”Meno”, ”Republic”, ”Timaeous”, ”Phaedrus”, ”Sophist”, ”Laws”, etc. The ”immortality of the soul” mentioned in ”Phaedo” originates from the development of Pythagoras' philosophy of death. ”Phaedo” demonstrates the idea through ancient legend of rebirth, the theory of recollection, the imperishable soul and the ideas. Hence, it reveals the kind of detached position on death that a philosopher should take, and further emphasizes the significance of philosophy in the study of death.

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