水神與祖靈―閱讀晋祠建築

Water Sprites and Ancestor Spirits: Reading the Architecture of Jinci by Tracy Miller

梅晨曦(Tracy Miller) ； 劉欣蓉(Hsin-Jung Liu)

《城市與設計學報》 20期 (2008/09) Pp. 1-33

https://doi.org/10.30008/CD.200809.0001

摘要

本文主張，在晋祠中最古老最主要的建築―聖母殿中的主神身份，必需通過對於該建築及相關文獻的仔細閱讀，方能加以辨明。晋祠是座落於山西省會太原西南方約25公里處的一座寺廟，該基地正是自然湧泉滙入晋水運河系統之處。在公元六世紀時，它曾是唐叔虞廟的所在，唐叔虞是周成王的弟弟，並且是周朝第一位統領此地區的皇室家族成員。證據顯示此基地中亦存有其它被祭拜的眾神祉。唐朝的記錄指明此祠寺乃爲敬拜該泉源及其澤披眾生之故而建，而宋朝官方文獻則記載著此祠寺供奉的是一位在西元1077年被奉稱昭濟聖母的女神。西元1038年的大地震之後，聖母殿重建於滙注晋水之三座（原始）湧泉的中心頂點，並且在西元1168年時於此殿正前方軸線上增建了一座奉殿。基地上其餘者大都毀於十三世紀再度熱烈展開努力重建之時，而聖母殿也自這個時期開始，成爲晋祠中最大最宏偉的建築。到了十七世紀，諸多文獻都將聖母（當時的官銜是晋源之神）的身份指認爲周朝皇后邑姜，亦即唐叔虞之生母。然而這種將聖母詮釋爲邑姜的觀點卻是來自非常私人的理由。一位與唐叔虞有親戚關係的人將此觀點加以散佈流傳。然而藉由將建築視爲首要的證據，我們可以清楚地看到，晋祠中這種對先祖的祭拜實乃其次，反而是對湧泉及湧泉之神的供奉，方才是這整個晋祠基地的焦點所在。

關鍵字

晋祠 ； 中國山西建築 ； 建築與宗教 ； 建築與國家

並列摘要

This article argues that the identity of the primary deity in the Sage Mother Hall, the oldest and largest building at Jinci, can only be understood through a close reading of the architecture in conjunction with primary textual sources. Jinci is a shrine complex located 25 kilometers southwest of Taiyuan, the capital of Shanxi province, at the site of the natural spring feeding the Jin River canal system. In the sixth century CE h was identified as the location of a shrine to Shu Yu of Tang, the younger brother of King Cheng of Zhou and the first member of the Zhou dynasty royal family to rule over this territory. There is also evidence that other spirits were worshiped at the she. Tang dynasty records discuss offerings made for the sake of the spring and its life-giving water and Song dynasty court documents record a shrine to a goddess who was given the title of Sage Mother of Manifest Aid by the emperor in 1077. After an earthquake in 1038, the Sage Mother Hall was reconstructed on top of the central of (originally) three springs that fed the Jin River, and an offering hall was added on axis in front of the hall in 1168. The rest of the she was largely destroyed by the thirteenth century when reconstruction efforts began again in earnest, and from this point forward the Sage Mother Hall was the largest and most stately building at Jinci. By the seventeenth century literati reinterpreted the identity of the Sage Mother (at that time officially the Spirit of the Jin Springs) as the Zhou dynasty Queen Yi Jiang, the natural mother of Shu Yu of Tang. But the interpretation of the Sage Mother as Yi Jiang was motivated by personal reasons. It was promulgated by an individual whose family was related to Shu Yu of Tang. By using architecture as primary evidence, we can see clearly that ancestor worship was of secondary importance at Jinci, and that the entire site was actually focused on the springs and spring spirit worship.

並列關鍵字

Jinci ； architecture of China-Shanxi province ； architecture and religion ； architecture and the state