「必詢於眾，方免有疑」：唐代集議制度程式考論

＂We must consult the public to avoid doubt＂: on the procedure of the collective discussion system in the Tang Dynasty

劉志強(Liu, Zhi-Qiang)

《興大歷史學報》 35期 (2021/06) Pp. 1-23

摘要

唐代集議制度是一種最多人數參與、最具公開透明性的會議形式，也是一種可以促進其它制度產生、完善的「元制度」。關於集議程式的探討，大概集中在以下四點。一、集議緣起上，唐代但凡疑難大政，由官員提議或皇帝主動發起，皆可以集議的方式解決。二、集議啟動上，由皇帝通過下詔的方式啟動，詔書往往對集議地點、參與人員做出規定，有時也明確限定日期。三、集議過程上，正式集議開始後，首先以「議題」為中心口陳意見並展開討論，其次主要意見各自形成書面語言並署名，最後由相關官員匯總呈奏。四、集議結果上，可以一次完成集議，皇帝依據多數、少數、折衷意見或「斷自宸衷」做出決定；可以再召集各方對議；也可以擱置或終止集議。

關鍵字

集議 ； 制度 ； 程式 ； 議狀

並列摘要

The centralized meeting system in the Tang Dynasty is not only a meeting form with the largest number of participants and the most open and transparent, but also a ＂meta system＂ that can promote the emergence and improvement of other systems. The discussion on the procedure of centralized meeting probably focuses on the following four points. 1、In the origin of collective discussion, any major event in doubt in the Tang Dynasty can be solved by collective discussion, which is proposed by officials or initiated by the emperor. 2、As for the start of collective discussion, the emperor issued an imperial edict, which often stipulated the place and participants of the collective discussion, and sometimes clearly limited the date. 3、In the process of the meeting, after the formal meeting, firstly, the opinions are presented and discussed centered on the ＂topic＂, secondly, the main opinions are formed in written language and signed, and finally summarized and presented by relevant officials. 4、As for the result of the meeting, the meeting can be completed at one time, and the emperor makes decisions according to the majority, minority or compromise opinions; All parties may be reconvened for discussion; The meeting can also be suspended or terminated.

並列關鍵字

collective discussion ； System ； Procedures ； Yi Zhuang(議狀)

參考文獻

楊樹藩，《唐代政制史》(臺北：正中書局，1967)

永田英正，〈漢代の集議について〉，《東方學報》，1972年第43冊，頁97-136。

榮遠大，〈漢晉集議制度初探〉，《南充師院學報》，1989年第1期，頁118-124。

李學銘，〈東漢中央集議制度之探討〉，《新亞學報》第29卷，2011年3月，頁1-64。

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