全球化與東亞國家社會政策變遷初探：1990-2000

全球化是近十年來在社會發展與學術研究中最重要的現象與議題之一，也是當前比較社會政策中的一個重要研究領域。但這些研究仍集中在以西方福利國家為範圍。雖有部分研究將東亞國家納入，但束亞國家並未被置於重要的位置。本文以東亞的日本、韓國與台灣為範圍，並集中於九○年代的社會政策變遷與發展，進行三國有關全球化與社會政策變遷的討論。本文的研究目的有三：(l)探析日、韓、台三國的經濟全球化程度。 (2)討論日、韓、台三國在九○年代的社會政策變遷。(3)探析日、韓、台三國在經濟全球化與社會政策變遷的關連。本文發現：(1)日韓台三國均有勞動市場彈性化與去管制化的變化，即反應了全球化增加勞動市場的風險。(2)在福利擴張／縮減上，日本有福利縮減與擴張的現象，台灣和韓國則是福利擴張的。(3)在束亞三國的經驗中，國家既有的福利水準以及合債規模，限制／開放國家在面對全球化壓力中的社會政策選擇，而成為影響政策變遷的重要可能因素。最後研究者建議以國家既有的福利水準以及公債規模為控制變項，再進行跨國的研究。

關鍵字

全球化；社會政策；東亞

並列摘要

Globalization as a phenomenon and issue has been discussed in this decade. Among all dimensions of globalization, economic globalization has been recognized as the main issue and challenges for welfare states in Europe. But there is divergence among the discussions about the globalization effects upon welfare states. Some pointed out that globalization sets pressure to welfare states and starts the race to bottom, it changes and breaks down the balance between employee and employer in democratic politics, and that there is a new convergence of social policy. Others think the changes of welfare states are not significant and ascribe those changes as a response to the need of the domestic structure, rather than to the pressure of globalization. Some noticed that globalization caused transformation and pressure but there is not a convergence in policies among welfare states. Even though there are quite a lot of case studies about the welfare states confronting globalization, the concept and exploration has rarely been conducted in non-western countries, especially East Asian ones. This paper aims to contribute to the discussion of the social policy transition and globalization, and will try not only to figure out the effects but also to observe the path and the agency in the transition. In this research, the policy transitions related to globalization will be analyzed among Japan, Taiwan and Korea and compared in the context based upon the arguments of Mishra (1999), Pierson (1996), Palier and Sykes (2001) so as to open a dialogue from East Asian perspectives. The research found that the three countries in East Asia were affected by globalization in different economic aspects in which Japan has been suffered from the capital outflow, Taiwan from the trade-dependent competition, while Korea from both. From the agency aspect, the social policy transition in Japan was not caused by globalization directly. Korea received the intervention of IMF and was driven by the economic pressure, while the social policy transformation of Taiwan has been thought as the respond to the welfare demand and competition from globalization. The conclusion of this research stands for the various models of social policy transformation rather than the convergence model. It is suggested that the level and scale of governmental debt and governmental expenditure in social policy will have to be conducted as controlling variables for future research in order to recognize the relationship between globalization and welfare state.