“自己人”：一項有關中國人關係分類的個案研究

One of Us (zijiren, 自己人): A Case Study on the Classification of Chinese Relationships

楊宜音(Yi-Yin Yang)

《本土心理學研究》 13期 (2000/06) Pp. 277-322

https://doi.org/10.6254/IPRCS.200006_(13).0010

摘要

本文採用個案研究方法，獲得了農村與城市人關係分類及其解釋的實徵資料。研究發現，農村與城市的被研究者的分類都表現出「差序格局」的特徵，在他們的分類結果中表現出判斷關係的兩個維度：先賦性與交往性。這兩種特性構成的關係類別就是中國人特有的關係分類圖式－「自己人／外人」。較少發生社會流動的農村傳統社會與較多發生社會流動的都市社會中人們的關係分類有所不同：在農村被研究者的分類中，血緣親屬制度規定被作爲親疏的基本根據，表現出親緣身份與親密情感、信任及義務的固定化聯繫。「自家人／外人」成爲區分內外的標誌。親密的交往關係比較多地以建立擬親屬關係的方式存在。在城市被研究者的分類中，血緣親屬制度規定與其他既有關係只是交往關係的出發點，而人際親密、信任及承擔義務的程度主要依賴交往中關係的發展。通過交往，各種人際聯繫由於個人特性的吸引導致凖身份－「自己人／外人」分類。這種凖身份，包含著親密、信任及義務的規定性。其次，城市人交往的情境性較強，因此，在每一個情境類別中，存在個人特性導致的親疏格局，而情境間的區別不是親疏之別。由於城市人的分類可以同時存在多個相互比較獨立的部分，「差序格局」的形態與農村人有所不同。人際交往更具有獨立的意義。最後，本文對三種重要的關係分類理論進行了驗證、補充及討論，其結論是，「自家人／外人」或「自己人／外人」的關係分類圖式是在「先賦性／交往性」維度尚未得到充分分化的條件下形成的，說明中國人的個人特性的表達需要透過親緣身份等社會性進行。

關鍵字

分類 ； 先賦性關係／交往性關係 ； 自己人／外人 ； 差序格局 ； 關係

並列摘要

Case studies of urban and rural Mainland Chinese were used to determine classifications of guanxi (social relations) in the Chinese cultural and social context. Analysis revealed that when Chinese distinguish Us from Them, they use a psychological classification schema that contains two main dimensions: ascribed and interactive. The contrast defining these two dimensions of guanxi is zijiren/wairen (one of us/not one of us, or insider/outsider).
Differences were found between urban and rural respondents due to the discrepancy in social mobility. With lower social mobility, rural respondents reported a strong bond of kinship identity and the feeling of closeness, interpersonal trust, and responsibility for one another. The kinship system played a key role in judging interpersonal distance. The distinction between family members and strangers became symbolic of the insider/outsider dimension. Intimate relationships were equated with kinship. For urban respondents, the kinship system was only a foundation upon which interpersonal relationships were developed. The feeling of closeness, interpersonal trust, and responsibility for one another mainly focused on interpersonal attraction, inducing a variant of the insider/outsider distinction: bosom buddy/not bosom buddy.
Three theories of guanxi categorization were discussed. The family member/not family member schema and the insider/outsider schema were formed under conditions where the ascription and interaction dimensions could not be sufficiently differentiated. When Chinese express their personal characteristics, they do so either through kinship identity or another social identity like kinship.

並列關鍵字

ascribed guanxi/interaction guanxi ； insider/outsider ； one of us/not one of us ； zijiren/wairen

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