社會取向與個人取向的自我實現觀：概念分析與實徵初探

Social- and Individual-oriented Views of Self-actualization: Conceptual Analysis and Preliminary Empirical Exploration

陸洛(Luo Lu) ； 楊國樞(Kuo-Shu Yang)

《本土心理學研究》 23期 (2005/06) Pp. 3-69

摘要

本文先梳理出西方文化中以發展「獨立自足的自我」為基礎的「個人取向自我實現」的原型概念，亦梳理出華人社會中融合了儒、道、佛三大傳統，又以儒家思想為主導，以發展「互依包容的自我」為基礎的「社會取向自我實現」的原型概念，作為「應然」層次上的理論分析。再以28位台灣大學生在焦點團體討論與短文撰寫中所陳述的自我實現構念為資料來源，進行「實然」層次的心理學分析，發現現代華人自我實現本質內涵的三大範疇正包容了個人取向與社會取向的自我實現構念，即「完全做自己」、「以成就回饋家庭」及「自我安適，兼善天下」。最後，透過兩個層次的分析與對話，試圖關照位在東西方文化交匯十字路口的現代華人對「自我實現」的體認與實踐。

關鍵字

個人取向的自我實現 ； 社會取向的自我實現

並列摘要

Humans continually strive for the higher aspects of their own potentialities; to be more compassionate, loving, and creative; to create more exquisite poetry and arts; to prefect themselves and the world around them. In Western psychology, such striving is variously called ”self-actualization” (Maslow, 1970; Rogers, 1951), ”healthy personality” (Jourard & Landsman, 1980), ”ideal personality” (Allport, 1961) or ”optimal personality” (Coan, 1974). In the Chinese cultural heritage, Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism all have visions for the ”ideal person” or a ”perfect life”. Together the ideals of ”benevolence” (jen) in Confucianism, ”tao” in Taoism, and ”enlightenment” in Buddhism constitute the core construct of self-actualization for the Chinese people.
The present research started with a theoretical analysis of the discourses of self-actualization as embedded in the traditional Chinese and Western cultural contexts. Concepts of individual-oriented self-actualization based on an independent and self-contained self in the Western culture and those of social-oriented self-actualization based on an interdependent and ensembled self in the Chinese culture were elaborated. Subsequently, qualitative methods of focus group and essay writing were adopted to collect empirical data from Taiwanese college students. Analysis revealed three major constituents of views of self-actualization among the young Chinese generation. These were: to become oneself completely, to repay the family with personal accomplishments, and expanding personal well-being to serve the community. Finally, a tentative dialogue was attempted between the theoretical analysis and empirical interpretations, to reflect the lived reality of the East-West cultural fusion and integration for contemporary young Chinese regarding self-actualization.

並列關鍵字

social-oriented self-actualization ； individual-oriented self-actualization

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