道家哲學的邏輯

歷史上對《道德經》的各種注釋確實模糊了道家的基本邏輯，而使道家哲學成為一個難以申述的古代思想。這篇論文從《道德經》的首章中找出一個明確的道家邏輯，並且可以証明老子的邏輯是相當精密的。他對「道」的描述並非「糢糊不定」，而是充分表示出「道」的真實特徵。從這個邏輯，我們可以清楚看出老子如何描述「恆道」與其顯象「恆無、恆有」之間特殊的「一與多」關係，以及他用語言來描述真實顯象所用的基本邏輯原則。我們稱之為「恆一原則」。老子的邏輯是以「恆道」為中心思想，並且顯示出物象「無、有」符合「太極圖」的對稱關係。我們的理論否定了傳統「有生於無」的關係。這可能是道家哲學的一個重大轉變。我們可以建立一個有明確邏輯的道家哲學。這個很基本的邏輯適用於各種哲學議題的論述。這樣我們不但能合理解決歷代的爭論，也可以建立一個可以與其他東西哲學溝通的平台。

關鍵字

道家邏輯；有無之爭；一與多；恆一原則；三位一體；太極；柏拉圖的形相理論；二元論；歷程哲學

並列摘要

Historical commentaries on the ”Tao Te Ching” have indeed blurred the basic logic of Tao philosophy, to the extent that Tao Philosophy has become an inexplicable ”ancient thought.” This article extracts a well-defined ”Logic of Tao philosophy” from the first chapter of the ”Tao Te Ching,” and shows that the logic of Lao-tzu is rather precise. His description of Tao is not ”fuzzy and indeterminate” but has fully reflected the authentic characteristics of Tao. From this logic, we can see clearly how Lao-tzu describes the special ”one-and-many” relationship between the Heng Tao (恆道) and its manifestations, Heng Wu 恆無 and Heng You 恆有, and the basic logical principle of expressing reality in terms of our language. We call this principle, the Principle of Oneness. The logic of Lao-tzu regards ”Heng Tao” as the center of Tao Philosophy and shows symmetry between Wu 無 and You 有that conforms to the Tai Chi diagram. This theory directly invalidates the traditional view that ”You comes from Wu 有生於無.” This may be a major turning point in Tao philosophy. We may establish a Tao philosophy with clear logic. The basic logic may be used in discussions of various philosophical themes. We not only can resolve reasonably many historical debates, but can also offer a discussion platform with other East and West philosophies.

並列關鍵字

Logic of Tao philosophy ； You-Wu Debates ； One-and-many relation ； Principle of oneness ； Trinity ； Tai Chi ； Theory of forms ； Dualism ； Process philosophy