水上划槳與陸上划船測功儀動作之探討

划船運動是運用人體的技能來推動船體，利用人體力學與槓桿原理划槳動作產生動力；並以背向方式在水面上行進的運動。國際划船總會(Federation Internationale des Societes d'Aviron, FISA)指出，正式比賽距離為2,000公尺，比賽項目依類型分為單槳及雙槳，依人數分為單人、雙人及多人艇；而依船型之差異，比賽時間約5分30秒至9分鐘，划槳次數約220至260槳。划船划槳動作分為水上及陸上訓練模式，基本動作分為四個階段：提槳、拉槳、按槳及回槳。本文以文獻回顧方式探討水上划槳與陸上划船測功儀動作型態之差異，結果發現：（一）前臂動作：水上單槳雙手向外轉體，雙槳雙手向外打開；陸上肩與雙手平行扣握手把；（二）手腕動作：水上依序有提、按、轉槳動作；陸上平握並拉、回槳；（三）場地環境影響：水上受風向、水流、地理區域之影響而有所差別。因此，（一）陸上划船測功儀須再改良，仿效水上划槳動作及上肢肌群施力型態；（二）陸上划船測功儀可作為初學者基本動作及專項體能之訓練，實際上以水上划槳動作為主體指標。

關鍵字

划船運動；人體力學；動作技術；槓桿原理

並列摘要

Boat-rowing exercise is a highly-skilled maneuver to propel the boat facing backward. The driving force of boat is produced jointly by body mechanics and the rowing movements, conforming to the leverage theory. According to the FISA (Fédération Internationale des Sociétés d' Aviron), the distance in the formal competition of boat-rowing is 2,000 meters. The rowing competition is categorized as sweep oar race and sculling. The type of boat is classified into single scull, double sculls (two rowers), and quad sculls (four rowers), depending on the number of participants. Boat shape determines the duration for the competition (from 5.5 minutes to 9 minutes) and the number of paddling (from 220 to 260). Boat-rowing has two training models, including watercraft rowing and ergometer training on dry-land. Four drive phases of rowing in a classic stroke are raise, pull, hold-down, and back paddle the oar. The present review aimed to explore the differences between watercraft rowing and land paddling with ergometers. The results indicated that differences exist in (1) Forearm movement: both hands for sweeping during watercraft rowing turn toward the outside prior turn the body, and open toward the outside in sculling. While rowing on an ergometer, the shoulder parallels with both the hands for clasping on the handle. (2) Wrist movement: the sequences of watercraft rowing are raising, holding down, and oar turning. Movement of ergometer training contains hold-down straight forward with hands, pulling, and back paddling. (3) Field environment factor: watercraft rowing is more easily influenced by wind, water flow, and geographical region. Therefore, we suggested that (1) ergometers can be further improved to mimic real watercraft rowing and the muscle activation patterns of the upper limb, and (2) the land ergometers can only be used for basic training and special fitness purpose for the beginners. In reality, movement of watercraft rowing is still a major indicator of boat-rowing assessment.