健力專項動作、體型特徵與訓練的生理影響

The Biomechanical Analysis and Anthropometric Characteristics of Powerlifters and the Physiological Responses of Powerlifting

劉宗翰(Tsung-Han Liu) ； 梁玉秋(Yu-Chiu Liang) ； 江政凌(Cheng-Ling Chiang) ； 吳龍山(Long-Shan Wu)

《大專體育》 115期 (2011/08) Pp. 26-32

https://doi.org/10.6162/SRR.2011.115.05

摘要

健力運動(powerlifting)技術影響低於舉重，更能代表最大肌力，又稱「超級舉重」。包含蹲舉、臥舉及硬舉三項動作，蹲舉(squat)採寬距、綁腿可增進表現，膝、髖伸肌及足背屈肌需較強肌力，臥舉(bench press)採寬握、弓背可縮短試舉距離，臥舉衣(bench shirt)可增進表現，硬舉(deadlift)包含窄距及寬距硬舉，寬距站姿可縮短試舉距離，節省膝、臀、腰費力。健力選手為骨架較寬之中坯體形，不同體重、性別之選手身體比例相似，優秀者下肢較短。出力閉氣有利表現，但易發生努責現象(Valsalva maneuver)及腦部血流銳減，可能導致心臟病及中風，頂尖選手生理適應力較佳，而長期訓練可能導致肌肉、氧化傷害，降低關節活動度與運動表現，需研發個人裝備與技術，並探討營養補充品對肌力、心血管健康與抗氧化能力的影響。

關鍵字

舉重 ； 肌力 ； 身體組成 ； 努責現象 ； 氧化壓力

並列摘要

Skill requisition of powerlifting is less than weightlifting. Powerlifting needs more maximum strength, and is well known as ”super weightlifting.” Powerlifting including squats, bench presses and deadlifts. Squatting with greater stance commonly enhances the performance via the elasticity of knee wraps, while the knee extensor, hip extensor and dorsal flexor require more forces. Gripping widely and back hyperextensions can shorten the lifting distance during bench pressing. The powerlifters dressed bench shirts can improve loading capacity and possibly decrease the forces acting on shoulders. Deadlifts included narrow stance deadlifts and Sumo deadlifts. Sumo deadlifts have a less vertical bar distance and efficiently save the forces of knee, hip and low back muscles. Powerlifters are highly mesomorphic with larger girths and bony breadths. There are similar proportions of segment lengths and bone breadths between different body weights and/or genders. Stronger lifters have significantly shorter lower-limb than weaker lifters. Fat-free mass, fascicle length of muscle fibers, and bone mineral density of lumbar spine play important roles in performance. Closing glottis during weight lifting is beneficial for performance and consequently accompanies Valsalva maneuver and cerebral flow decline, which may induce the risks of heart disease and stroke. The adaptations of the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular system occur in elite powerlifters. Long-term and intensive strength training can contribute to performance decrements attributed to muscle damage and decreasing range of motion. Overtraining may also induce oxidative injury via increasing oxidative stress and decreasing antioxidant capacity in power athletes. Further researches are warranted on individual equipments and techniques and the effect of supplementation on performance and health in powerlifters.

並列關鍵字

weight lifting ； strength ； body composition ； Valsalva maneuver ； oxidative stress

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