《禮記》郊祀禮蠡探－以《孔子家語》、《春秋三傳》為對照

On the Suburban Sacrifice in Book of Rites: Based upon the Comparison with Confucius Jiayu and the Three Commentaries of Spring and Autumn Annals

蔡智力(CAI, Zhi-Li)

《輔大中研所學刊》 35&36期 (2017/04) Pp. 1-18

摘要

郊祀表面上有報本、祈穀兩層目的，然如參以《孔子家語》與春秋學說，則《禮記》作為傳承儒家禮樂理想之經典，其對郊祀之記載，蓋有養成人君敬天之意。故《禮記》之郊禮，可能亦在於記述其「應然」理想，而非止於「實然」歷史。「魯之郊禘非禮」，「天子祭天，諸侯祭社稷」，即當為應然義。故對於《禮記》所記郊禮，不宜強附於魯禮。經與《家語》、《三傳》之對照，亦可知周天子歲有二郊，冬至月上辛日祭天於南郊之圜丘，以報天恩，是為大郊；次為啓蟄月祈穀於南郊。圜丘雖爲郊天首禮而異於啓蟄之郊，然其地點實亦同在南郊。天子之郊可分養牲、卜郊、祭天三階段：養牲有二，帝牲必在滌三月，稷牲唯具是視；周郊為常祀，故其卜郊實卜以擇日而已；「天無形體」，故天子之祭天實主祭日而配以月。

關鍵字

禮記 ； 郊祀 ； 孔子家語 ； 春秋三傳

並列摘要

Ostensibly, suburban sacrifice in ancient China has two purposes, which are recompense and praying for harvest. However, comparing with Confucius Jiayu 《孔子家語》 and the three Commentaries of Spring and Autumn Annals 「春秋三傳」, suburban sacrifice recorded in Book of Rites 《禮記》 is also, potentially and actually, expected to cultivate monarchs' respect to Tian (天, heaven). Therefore, suburban sacrifice in Book of Rites is not only about actually-be rites, but also about should-be rites. In this case, it is more reasonable to regard the statements in the scripture, such as ＂suburban sacrifice in Lu 魯國 was improper＂, ＂the son of Heaven sacrifices the Heaven, while feudal princes sacrifice She-Ji (社稷, the god of the Land and the god of grain)＂, as should-be expression. Hence, it is inappropriate to draw a forced analogy between the recordation about suburban sacrifice and Lu rites without obvious evidence. Moreover, based on the comparison, it is also evident that the emperor of Zhou 周 performed two sacrifices to heaven, one of which was during the Winter Solstice in Yuan-qiu 圜丘, while the other during the Insects Awaken. Correlatively, as the most controversial point, the sacrifice in Yuan-qiu although is the most significant rite of the country, it also implements in the southern suburb of the capital, as the one occurring in Insects Awaken. Furthermore, thanks to the comparing study, we can also have a clear recognition about the process of rites.

並列關鍵字

Book of Rites ； Suburban Sacrifice ； Confucius Jiayu ； the Three Commentaries of Spring and Autumn Annals