多倍體化與2n配子於花卉育種之應用

Application of Polyploidization and 2n gamates in Flower Breeding

郭孄婷(Lan-Ting Kuo) ； 劉明宗(Ming-Chung Liu) ； 楊佐琦(Tso-Chi Yang)

《植物種苗》 17卷2期 (2015/06) Pp. 1-12

摘要

多倍體化是植物提昇適應性及物種形成的主要機制之一，植物當中有相當高比例的種類有多倍體化的情形，主要是經過內生多倍體化(或稱體細胞染色體倍增)及2n-配子(又稱未減數配子)雜交的途徑而來。人工誘導多倍體的藥劑，大多使用秋水仙素等抗微管藥劑，效果會受到施用濃度、時間、培殖體形式及藥劑滲透程度而異。而2n 配子的形成則以一氧化二氮具有較佳的誘導效果，利用2n 配子誘導多倍體，可增加多倍體的異質結合性，且染色體重組的機率較高，是極具潛力的多倍體育種方法，本文希望藉由回顧近代花卉作物多倍體育種的相關文獻，以進一步了解多倍體及2n 配子形成的機制與相關應用，將有助於開創花卉育種的新途徑。

關鍵字

多倍體化 ； 花卉育種 ； 2n 配子 ； 秋水仙素 ； 一氧化二氮 ； 遠緣雜交

並列摘要

Polyploidization is an important mechanism for plants to improve adaptation and speciation. There is a relative high frequency of polyploidization occurred in plants. Polyploidy is mainly induced by two mechanisms: endopolyploidization (somatic doubling) and 2n-gametes (unreduced gametes). As to artificial methods to induce polyploidy, anti-mircrotubule agents, such as colchicines, have been the most widely used, and effective of polyploidy induction depends highly on the concentration, duration, type of explants and penetration. Nitrous oxide (N_2O) treatments have been reported to be an effective way to induce 2n gametes. Due to the higher effectiveness of transmitting heterozygosity and inter-genomic recombination, use of 2n-gametes is a potential way for polyploidy breeding. It could help us to understand the mechanisms of formation and application of polyploidy and 2n-gametes through revewing recent research on breeding for polyploids in flowers. In the forseeable future , polyploidization will goting to opened up an entirely new avenue of flower breeding.

並列關鍵字

polyploidization ； flower breeding ； 2n-gametes ； colchicines ； nitrous oxide ； interspecific hybridization