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重塑媒體在憲法上的應有形象一個大法官至今「顧左右而言他」的嚴肅命題

Re-Modeling the Media in the Constitutional Law: Unspoken Myths of Grand Justices

摘要


從當代普選制度盛行及代議民主與輿論監督交互為用的現實政治經驗看來,大眾媒體已經取得足以媲美政黨的關鍵角色。另一方面,以往尚須仰賴文字識讀能力普及,才得以人際傳播型態緩慢拓展的知識傳授及藝文涵養,也拜大眾媒體之賜,沛然匯流成為充塞生活周遭、幾近無遠弗屆的流行文化。然而,我國憲法對於現代文明中如此重要大眾媒體,卻僅以「出版」一詞輕輕帶過;在大法官多年釋憲實務上,竟也經常發現外國憲法釋義摻雜其中,反倒不易找到當代媒體及其法律規範的在地憲政實踐。就此,本文認為:我國釋憲實務上關於言論自由保障的重大突破,雖然曾經借助於比較憲法釋義框架。然而,由於大眾媒體所涉經驗事實與個人言論畢竟不同,尤其,在地民主政治及流行文化與媒體之間的密切互動關係各國皆有不問:勉強將外國憲法上關於言論自由的釋義框架,套用於我國媒體管制的合憲性審查之上,無論在方法論或在地憲政實踐上皆存在無法克服的問題。務實的解套之道,毋寧在於:根據在地憲政實踐經驗建構關於媒體的社會模型,藉以一方面提供具體化憲法規範的指引方針,另一方面則提升憲法對於在地憲政實踐的規範實效。

並列摘要


In modern democratic societies mass media play an important role both in the accountability of representative and executive bodies, as well as in the dissemination and construction of popular culture. Yet, the Constitution of Republic of China said almost nothing but that the people enjoy liberty of printing. The Interpretations of Grand Justices contained hardly any experiences of the people in Taiwan with modem media and consequently little was said about the transformation of domestic regulations of media and how all these together would mean in the understanding of the constitution. Rather, Grand Justices preferred reception of constitutional dogmatic from ''advanced'' democracIes. Indeed, significant breakthroughs in the free speech guaranty would not have happened in Taiwan if Grand Justices have not adopted constitutional dogmatic fashioned in American style. What concerning mass media is another story, especially when the relationship of media and democracy as well as popular culture is the topic. Adopting American free speech doctrine in the judicial review of domestic media regulations creates more constitutional problems than what Grand Justices originally want to solve. This article argues that positive construction of a realistic societal model about media will help in mediating the people's experiences with media into the interpretation of constitutional norms.

參考文獻


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