運動營養生化監控恢復系統在競技體育中的發展與實踐

Development and Practice of ＂Sports Nutrition Biochemical Monitoring and Recovery System＂ in Athletic Sports

楊則宜(Ze-Yi Yang) ； 焦穎(Ying Jiao) ； 湯春雪(Chun-Xue Tang)

《大專體育學刊》 23卷1期 (2021/03) Pp. i-iv

https://doi.org/10.5297/ser.202103_23(1).0000

摘要

近20年來，隨著運動營養學的理論研究和實踐應用快速發展，我們自主研發了一套「運動營養生化監控恢復系統」。該系統包含「測、評、練、吃」4個字，即由營養生化測試、訓練和營養狀態評估、訓練調整和營養干預4部分構成一個可以動態調整的干預閉環（楊則宜，2004b）。運動營養生化監控主要通過身體成分、體能狀態、生理功能等測試和血液及尿液生化檢測等方法，評估機體當時或一段時間內的物質代謝水準與機能狀態（楊則宜，2004b）。生化測試包括血紅蛋白（hemoglobin, Hb）、血清鐵蛋白（serum ferritin, SF）等血象指標；間接反映肌肉狀態的肌酸激酶（creatine kinase, CK）、血尿素（blood urea, BUN）、乳酸脫氫酶（lactate dehydrogenase, LDH）等；睪酮（testosterone, T）和皮質醇（cortisol, C）等內分泌指標（周麗麗、伊木清、楊則宜、許葆華、高紅，2002）；反映免疫狀況的免疫球蛋白、淋巴細胞亞群CD4/CD8和自然殺傷細胞（natural killing, NK）等；反映自由基對脂質、蛋白質或DNA分子的損傷的蛋白質羰基（protein carbonyls, PC）和丙二醛（malondialdehyde, MDA）及體內自身的抗氧化酶，即過氧化氫酶（catalase, CAT）、穀胱甘肽過氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase, GPx）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase, SOD）等。運動營養生化監控指標為教練員調整訓練計畫和運動營養師設計營養方案提供即時的依據。保證訓練的實效性和營養補充的合理性。運動員的營養干預包括2大部分，即膳食合理化和運動營養品的科學選用。運動員膳食失衡情況主要體現在6個方面，即：一、碳水化合物攝入嚴重不足；二、脂肪或肉類攝入過多；三、部分維生素攝入不足；四、用餐次數及攝食量分配不合理；五、鈣攝入不足；六、忽視運動前、中、後水和電解質的及時補充（周麗麗、楊則宜等，2002；楊則宜，1999）。自備戰1984年洛杉磯奧林匹克運動會伊始，中國就開始對金牌運動員進行個性化膳食干預。隨著現代化手段的引入，北京康比特體育科技股份有限公司開發了「運動員合理膳食管理系統（運動員智慧餐廳）」，該系統按照運動員個性化營養需求目標（包括：膳食合理性的調整、訓練特別需求、運動員體重管理等）進行系統智能配餐（楊則宜，1990；Maughan et al., 2018）。國際奧林匹克委員會的共識認為，對於高水準的運動員，高品質的膳食補充劑（含運動營養食品）可以有針對性地解決不同問題。根據運動營養食品的作用目標，可將其分成4類，即：一、增加肌肉體積和肌肉力量的強力營養素；二、促進運動中能量生成的強力營養素；三、加速運動後疲勞消除及促體能恢復的強力營養素；四、減輕和控制體重的特殊營養品（楊則宜，2004a）。運動員在超生理極限的強度下訓練，可能造成代謝失衡並伴隨發生機體不適應狀態，這種不適應狀態可能涉及以下的幾個方面：一、中樞神經系統疲勞；二、內分泌功能抑制；三、免疫機能下降；四、造血系統功能抑制；五、機體氧化還原失衡等。週期性系統的生化指標測試能初步判定或預示運動員機體的某項機能狀態出現了問題。根據這一評估和判斷，即可「對症下藥」，針對運動員的具體需求給予針對性的運動營養食品方案，幫助運動員儘快恢復到正常或個體最佳狀態，進而確保訓練計畫順利實施，並提升訓練效果（楊則宜、湯春雪、焦穎，2020）。隨著現代科學技術的發展和資訊的高速傳遞，運動營養工作者科學地採用成熟的運動營養生化監控恢復系統，可全方位保障運動員科學訓練，更好地服務於現代競技體育。

並列摘要

In the past 20 years, with the rapid development of theoretical and practical application of sports nutrition, we have developed a set of ＂sports nutrition biochemical monitoring and recovery system.＂ The system consists of four words: ＂measuring, evaluating, training, and eating,＂ which is composed of 4 parts: nutrition biochemical test, training and nutritional state assessment, training adjustment, and nutrition intervention (Yang, 2004b). The biochemical monitoring of sports nutrition is mainly based on the measurement of body composition, physical condition, physiological function, and blood and urine biochemistry of individuals to evaluate their functional state and substance metabolism level at that time or for a period of time (Yang, 2004b). Biochemical tests, include: (1) hemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin (SF), and other blood indicators; (2) creatine kinase (CK), blood urea (BUN), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and other biomarkers that indirectly reflect muscle physiology; (3) testosterone (T), cortisol (C), and other endocrine indicators (Zhou, Yi, Yang, Xu, & Gao, 2002); (4) immunoglobulins, lymphocyte subsets CD4/CD8 and natural killing (NK) cells, which reflect the immune status; and (5) protein carbonyls (PC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels that reflect the oxidative damage of proteins and lipids, as well as endogenous antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The monitoring of various biomarkers in sports nutrition provides real-time information for coaches and sports dietitians to adjust the training arrangements and design the nutrition plans. It ensures the effectiveness of training and nutritional supplement. The nutritional intervention of athletes includes two parts: dietary rationalization and scientific selection of sports supplements. The dietary imbalance of athletes is mainly reflected in 6 aspects: (1) serious deficiency of carbohydrate intake; (2) excessive intake of fat or meat; (3) insufficient intake of vitamins; (4) unreasonable distribution of meals and food intake; (5) insufficient calcium intake; and (6) neglect of timely supplementation of water and electrolytes during pre, pro, and post workout (Yang, 1999; Zhou, Yang, et al., 2002). At the beginning of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, individualized dietary intervention for elite athletes has been carried out. With the introduction of modern meals, Beijing Competitor Sports Science Technology Company developed a ＂athletes reasonable diet management system (athletes wisdom restaurant).＂ According to athletes personalized nutritional needs objectives (including the adjustment of dietary rationality, training special needs, athletes' weight management, etc.), the system intelligent meal and supplements distribution (Maughan et al., 2018; Yang, 1990). The International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus is that for high-level athletes, high-quality dietary supplements (including sports nutritious foods) can be targeted to solve different problems. According to the action goal of sports nutrition food, it can be divided into 4 categories: (1) ergogenic aids that increase muscle volume and strength; (2) ergogenic aids that promote energy generation in exercise; (3) ergogenic aids that accelerate fatigue elimination and promote physical recovery after exercise; and (4) special nutrients for body weight reduction and control (Yang, 2004a). Athletes training under the intensity of superphysiological limit may cause metabolic imbalance and lead to maladaptive state. This maladaptive state may involve in the following aspects: (1) central nervous system fatigue; (2) endocrine function inhibition; (3) immune function decline; (4) inhibition of hematopoietic system function; and (5) redox imbalance. The biochemical evaluation of periodic system can preliminarily judge or predict the functional state of athletes. According to the specific needs of athletes, the sports nutrition food program is aimed to help athletes to return to normal or individual best state of performance as soon as possible, and then ensure the smooth implementation of the training plan and improve the training efficiency (Yang, Tang, & Jiao, 2020). With the deepening of modern science and technology, and the high speed transmission of information, sports nutrition workers could scientifically adopt the sports nutrition biochemical monitoring and recovery system. Implementation of this system can guarantee the scientific training of athletes in all directions and improve the performance in the modern competitive sports.

參考文獻

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