美日大學分類與大學排名系統對我國高等教育發展之啟示

隨我國高等教育進入普及型態，各種高等教育機構蓬勃發展，為確保品質而興起各式績效評鑑活動；且受教育市場化之影響，各高等教育機構莫不致力追求卓越，以吸引更多的顧客、學生及更好的師資。於卓越目標下促進大學於領域中專業發展，目前國際間之普遍作法為將大學依功能進行分類以輔助其專業特色之展現，並在大學分類的基礎下，進行大學排名，為高等教育消費者提供指標性之參考。我國教育部目前傾向將大學分為三種類型（研究型、教學研究型及教學型），同時並有民間機構進行各不同類型之大學排名，惟在分類標準及評量指標缺乏公正性、客觀性及專業性的情況下，上述結果將使大學發展受到損害。故本文分別介紹美、日兩國之大學分類方式及目前廣為各國採用並具公信力之上海交通大學世界大學學術排名系統、英國泰晤士世界大學排名系統，期能對我國高等教育之發展有所啟示。

關鍵字

高等教育；大學分類；大學排名

並列摘要

As the higher education pattern transforms from elite to mass, multiple types of higher educational institutions erect year by year. Kinds of evaluations aim at assuring the quality of these institutions' accountabilities. For attaining the ”excellence”, institutions make efforts in promoting quality for attracting more customers, students and talented teachers in the tide of marketization of higher education. To advance universities build their own profession specialty, a general way is to classify universities by function, then rank them base on this classification to guide the consumers of higher education. Ministry of Education tends to divide universities in three types (i.e. research type, teaching-research type, and teaching type) in the future. And some non-governmental institutions rank universities without clear classification standard and appropriate indicators in the meantime, which lack of fairness, objectivity, and profession. This rough way might harm a university very serious. Therefore, this article introduce the way how USA and Japan classify universities, and the two world university ranking systems (THES and ARWU) which are common use in the world expect to provide implications to the higher education.