亞致死劑量益達胺對蜜蜂生存衝擊

Effect of Sublethal Imidacloprid on Survival of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera)

陳韻如(Yun-Ru Chen) ； 陳琬鎰(Wan-Yi Chen) ； 丁婕(Chieh Ting) ； 楊恩誠(En-Cheng Yang)

《台灣昆蟲》 41卷3期 (2021/08) Pp. 158-171

https://doi.org/10.6662/TESFE.202108_41(3).003

摘要

益達胺（imidacloprid）與其他新類尼古丁（neonicotinoid）藥劑的使用，對非目標昆蟲、蜜蜂以及其他授粉昆蟲的族群生存造成嚴重的危害。本篇文獻回顧針對半致死以及亞致死劑量（或濃度）益達胺對蜜蜂個體以及族群所造成的影響進行統整。暴露在亞致死劑量（或濃度）益達胺污染環境下的蜂巢，巢內工蜂顯著減少、封蓋率下降、且巢框重量減少；從行為層面，亞致死劑量益達胺會造成工蜂訪花行為改變、造成工蜂嗅覺學習能力受損、減少工蜂之間的溝通行為；生理層面，外勤蜂的代謝力降低；基因層面顯示，工蜂的免疫反應、氧化還原反應、解毒相關基因等表現受到影響。工蜂幼蟲的試驗指出，取食到亞致死劑量（或濃度）益達胺的幼蟲的發育延遲、發育成之工蜂嗅覺學習能力喪失、早熟、且壽命減短；而幼蟲之解毒、醣類代謝、代謝途徑等相關基因表現量會受到影響。蜂后的活動力、代謝率、產卵率、以及存活率都會下降。益達胺對蜜蜂造成多層面、難以估計的負面影響，其使用需要更謹慎的評估，以降低其對生態造成的衝擊。

關鍵字

蜜蜂 ； 亞致死效應 ； 益達胺 ； 早熟型外勤蜂 ； 差異性表現基因

並列摘要

Imidacloprid and other neonicotinoids are used to kill target pests and for crop protection. However, they also have severe adverse effects on nontarget insects, honey bees, and other pollinators. This review investigates the effect of sublethal imidacloprid on honey bees (Apis mellifera) on the individual and colony levels. Beehives exposed to sublethal imidacloprid exhibited a decreased number of workers, capping rate, and hive weight. Workers exposed to sublethal imidacloprid exhibited changes in foraging behavior, less social interaction, and deficiencies in olfactory learning ability. Their metabolic rate was also affected. Molecular evidence suggested that the expression of immune-response, oxidation-reduction, and detoxification-related functions and pathways of the workers were affected. Larvae exposed to sublethal imidacloprid exhibited a delay in development, impaired olfactory learning ability, precocious foraging behavior, and short lifespans after becoming developed adults. In addition, the expressions of detoxification, glycan metabolism, and metabolic pathways were affected. Queens with imidacloprid exposure exhibited low activity and metabolic, egg-laying, and survival rates. The effects of imidacloprid on honey bees are extensive, harmful, and complex. Further evaluation is required to minimize the damage and negative effects of imidacloprid and other neonicotinoids on the ecosystem.

並列關鍵字

honey bees ； sublethal effect ； imidacloprid ； precocious forager ； differentially expressed gene