來自死者的殃殺：中古天師道喪葬儀式中的驅邪對象

過去人們相信在不正常的情況下去世的亡者將會變成擾人的鬼魂；死後沒有得到應有的處置也會使它們化作厲鬼。然而，我們在六世紀以後的文獻見到許多關於亡者在死後化作「殃殺」為害生人的記述。這樣的信仰甚至形成流傳久遠的習俗，令喪家在術數專家的指導之下暫時離家，迴避「殃殺」的危害。這類的信仰習俗說明了人們相信死後靈魂便會化作一種不利生者的樣態，無論他們是否正常死亡或者受到應有的處置。這樣的信仰可以追溯到漢代民間喪葬儀式所驅除的「殃咎」，那也是一種與死喪相關，甚至是亡者化生的特殊鬼物。天師道成立之初便已認知這類鬼物，卻因當時還未提供喪葬儀式而在其他場合提出對治的方法。直至中古時期，天師道受到《靈寶經》啟發所形成的喪葬儀式，同時繼承了漢代墓券以及自身的驅邪傳統。其中，「殃殺」的驅除便是這類喪葬儀式著力的主要面向之一。此時的天師道道士沿用傳統章奏儀式，祈請天曹派下相應的官吏在喪葬期間收補殃殺，確保喪家的安全。如此來自死者的「殃殺」信仰，可以說是漢代以來便長期存在於中國的喪葬文化之中，反映著中國人面對死亡時的恐懼與焦慮情緒。

關鍵字

道教；喪葬儀式；驅邪；殃殺；赤松子章曆

並列摘要

In the past it was commonly believed that a dead person would turn into a malevolent ghost if the person died of an unusual cause, or his or her body was not handled properly. In addition, stories concerning the dead becoming ”killing spirits” and harming the living can be found in many historic documents written after the 6th century. Such beliefs even formed a long-lasting custom in which family members of a dead person left their house temporarily according to the instructions of an expert in Numerical Algorithms and Techniques, in order to avoid possible harm by the killing spirit. Such a belief and custom reveals that people believed that the soul of the dead would take a form detrimental to the living, even if they passed away in a usual manner or their bodies were handled properly. The belief dates back to the dispelling of the ”curse and blame” in common people's funeral rites during the Han Dynasty. The ”curse and blame” was also linked with death and was believed to be a special type of spirit transformed from the dead. Soon after its establishment, the Way of the Celestial Master (”Tianshidao” in Chinese), a religious faction, had acknowledged the existence of these spirits and had a ritual to banish them for occasions other than funerals, as funerals were not used for such a practice at that time. It was not until the Medieval Period that this practice was seen in funerals after the Tianshidao created the rite after being inspired by the ”Lingbao Corpus” and inheriting tombstone inscriptions from the Han Dynasty as well as the exorcism tradition of its own. In the funerals, the dispelling of the killing spirits was a major priority. The Taoist priests of Tianshidao at that time continued using the traditional ”Petition Rite,” where a petition was sent to the Heaven Palace to request dispatching the officials in charge to capture the killing spirits during their funeral in order to ensure the safety of the dead person's family members. Accordingly, it could be judged that such a belief of the dead becoming killing spirits has long been an element in Chinese funeral culture since the Han Dynasty and reflects the Chinese people's fear and anxiety regarding issues concerning death.

並列關鍵字

Taoism ； funeral rite ； exorcism ； killing spirits ； "Master Redpine's Petition Almanac"

參考文獻

Bokenkamp, Stephen R.(2007).Ancestors and Anxiety: Daoism and the Birth of Rebith in Chinese.Berkeley:University of California Press.

Google Scholar

Cedzich, Ursula-Angelika(1993).Ghost and Demons, Law and Order: Grave Quelling Texts and Early Taoist Liturgy.Taoist Resources.4(2),23-35.

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