《史記．范雎蔡澤列傳》析論

An Analysis of the Biographies of Fan Ju and Cai Ze

黃世錦(Shi-jin Huang)

《逢甲人文社會學報》 44期 (2022/06) Pp. 1-55

摘要

〈范雎蔡澤列傳〉，《史記》中精采生動絕妙篇章，〈傳〉中刻畫人物心理，言語對話與思想感情，諸般光景曲折，聲情絮語，均惟妙惟肖，栩栩如生，宛寓目前，猶似小說潮起情節，令讀者神馳想像，洵為化工妙筆。本文旨對《史記》本傳進行深入分析，藉以明晰傳主人格形象、二者對秦國發展之貢獻、史公將其合傳的緣由。文中分析范雎人物形象：「顛沛偃蹇，九死一生」、「機智敏捷，雄辯滔滔」、「睚眦必報，飯德必償」三者。〈傳〉中與范雎結怨，得志後遭無情報復者，有魏冉、白起、須賈、魏齊4人。范雎困厄時施恩，騰達後予湧泉以報者，有守者、鄭安平、王稽3人；蔡澤其人物形象：「出身寒微，熱衷功名」、「辯才無礙，知止進退」二者。再則，范雎對秦國之貢獻：「制訂遠交近攻的策略」、「促成王權集中」、「向趙國佈派間諜」三者；蔡澤對秦國之貢獻：「東收周室」、「為秦使燕」二者。此外，史公將二氏合傳原因：「以出身寒微同而合傳」、「以縱橫說士同而合傳」、「以繼踵取卿相而合傳」、「以善始善終同而合傳」四者。

關鍵字

《史記》 ； 《漢書》 ； 司馬遷 ； 范雎 ； 蔡澤

並列摘要

＂Collected Biographies of Fan Ju and Cai Ze＂ constitute the splendid chapters in the Records of the Grand Historian as those chapters vividly describe the mentalities of the relevant characters via their conversations, thoughts and emotions. The twists and turns and nuanced wording in the stories are so true to life that readers can vividly imagine the plots from the ingenious writing style of the Grand Historian as if they were reading a novel. This study analyzed Fan Ju's character and concluded that Fan Ju had suffered setbacks and a series of narrow escapes. As a character, Fan Ju was quick-witted and eloquent. And he would bestow rewards and punishments entirely at his own discretion. According to the ＂Collected Biographies of Fan Ju and Cai Ze,＂ after Fan Ju achieved his ambition, he took relentless revenge on Wei Ran, Bai Qi, Xu Gu and Wei Qi. And those who showed kindness when Fan Ju was in distress would be paid a debt of gratitude as in the case of Shou Zhe, Zheng An Ping and Wang Ji. As for Cai Ze, he was described as a person ＂born in poverty, interested in fame, highly eloquent, and knowing when to advance or quit.＂ The similarities of these two statesmen also lie in their contributions to the Qin State: for Fan Ju, ＂formulating the policy of associating with the distant states and attacking the near ones,＂ ＂concentrating the royal power,＂ and ＂dispatching spies to the Zhao State.＂ As for Cai Ze, his contributions to the Qin State included ＂destroying the Eastern Zhou Dynasty＂ and ＂serving as an envoy in the Yan State for the Qin State.＂ All in all, the reasons why Si Ma Qian put the two people's biographies together included they were both ＂born in poverty,＂ ＂persuasive sophists,＂ ＂chief ministers＂ and furthermore, according to the Grand Historian, ＂they both had a good beginning and a good ending.＂

並列關鍵字

Records of the Grand Historian ； History of the Han Dynasty ； Si Ma Qian ； Fan Ju ； Cai Ze

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