The five dimensions of professional learning communities (PLCs) are: shared and supportive leadership; shared vision and values; collective inquiry and collaborative teams; action orientation and experimentation; and continuous improvement which match the principle and spirit of self-study of teacher education. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore the framework of professional learning communities which implement on the self-study of teacher education and analyze the probability of it. First of all, the effect of the self-study of teacher education is illustrated. We also analyzed the current conditions of self-study of teacher education in Taiwan. Finally, the research proposed many viewpoints about the implementation by means of discussing the conception of professional learning communities on the self-study of teacher education. The meanings of the study are not only to expand the knowledge of professional learning communities and self-study theories, but also to provide some concrete and creative benefits to the self-study system of teacher education in our country.