整齊鄉俗與鬼神世界的統一：帝制中國初期的信仰秩序

The Uniform of Faith, Ideology and Custom in Early Imperial China

王健文(Chien-Wen Wang)

《成大歷史學報》 39期 (2010/12) Pp. 1-40

https://doi.org/10.7076/CKJHS.201012.0001

摘要

本文嘗試從三個不同面向探討帝制中國初期在信仰與意識型態範疇中所建立的新秩序。首先是伴隨著人間秩序的變遷，天上星象的秩序也跟著重整，「分野說」的源流與變遷是其焦點。其次，帝國建立初期，重新釐定帝國祀典，凡不入祀典者為「淫祀」，從代表帝國權力核心的郊廟祭祀之改革，到地方巫鬼信仰的整頓，全面地重建鬼神世界的秩序。第三，將各地多元的風俗文化，作為統治者整之齊之的對象。琅琊刻石中說的「匡飭異俗」，與睡虎地秦簡〈語書〉中所提及的「整齊鄉俗」，都反映了此一歷史現象。
「六合同風，九州共貫」，是帝國時代的最高指標。從秦王政（秦始皇）到漢初諸帝，信仰秩序的重整需要經歷漫長且曲折的歷程。首先是天上秩序隨著人間的統一也歸為一統，一體概念下的「分野說」取代了多元並立的「主星說」。帝國統一了天上秩序後，鬼神世界同樣是接受規範的對象，於是建構了帝國祀典，崇明祀、禁淫祀，從秦始皇巡行天下親禮東方神祠，到西漢晚期也建立長安成南北郊、四親廟，同時廢止郡國廟，完成了為新時代量身訂做的祭祀體系。始皇刻石強調「匡飭異俗」，漢代諸帝派遣使者循行天下，「壹統類，廣教化，美風俗」，原本多元奔放的民間風俗，必須被整之齊之，打造成「萬里同風」的局面。
然而，歷史的發展往往是複線糾纏，有時向前、有時後退。整體一致化的統一工程，有時不得不與地方根深柢固的深厚傳統有所妥協。在這裡，我們又看到了地方自主文化力量的強悍與蓬勃生機。
從天文星象的宇宙論，到鬼神崇拜的宗教觀，再到地方社會的倫理秩序，我們見證了帝國統一工程的全面性。

關鍵字

帝制中國 ； 整齊鄉俗 ； 信仰秩序 ； 分野說 ； 淫祀

並列摘要

This paper attempts to explore three different aspects of the early imperial China in areas of faith and ideology in the establishment of a new order. The first is accompanied by changes in world order, the order also followed the sky astrology restructuring. Second, the early Empire, re-sacrifice to determine Imperial, the core of imperial power from the Suburban on behalf of the reform of worship, belief in ghosts to the consolidation of the local witch, a comprehensive reconstruction of the spirits of the world Order. Third, all over the diverse customs and cultures should be uniformed.
From Qin to the early Han, re-order beliefs need to experience a long and tortuous process. The first is the unity of heaven and earth with the order also classified as a unified. Empire unified the order of heaven, the spirits world, the object is also accepted norms, so construction of the Imperial Ceremony, ”崇明祀, ”禁淫祀”, complete a new era of tailor-made for the sacrificial system. the original folk culture of openness and pluralism had been uniformed to be the same.
However, the double-track the development of history is often entangled, either forwards or backwards. Consistent with the unity of the whole project, and sometimes have a profound and deeply rooted tradition of local compromise. Here we can see the powerful cultural forces of local autonomy and vitality.
Cosmology from Astronomy, to the gods worship religion, social ethics and then to place the order, we witness the construction of a comprehensive unified empire.

並列關鍵字

early imperial China ； order of faith ； the imperial ceremony ； uniform ； plural