德國工業化初期的政經發展、社會變遷與勞工問題

Social and Economic Transformation and the Labour Problems in the Early Stage of German Industrialization

王琪(Chi Wang)

《成大西洋史集刊》 10期 (2002/06) Pp. 179-214

https://doi.org/10.7077/JWH.200206.0179

摘要

德意志各國工業化的開端可以追溯至十八世紀的末期，但是十九世紀初期因遭逢法國入侵，而使剛開始的工業化陷入停滯，又因被佔領及必須支援拿破崙發動的戰爭而使德境各國受損及負擔嚴重。拿破崙戰敗，法國勢力撤出之後，政治上雖掀起了復辟風潮，但是德境各國戰後重建與經濟振興的腳步仍快速展開。
一八三四年德意志關稅同盟成立，而三十年代中期也是德意志工業化再度開始的時代。到一八五0年代末期以後，德意志關稅同盟國的工業化已進入起飛期，不僅將德國帶入了世界資本主義的體系之內，也奠定了德國一八七0年代統一後快速成爲工業大國的基礎。
在展開工業化之前，德意志各國原屬以農業爲主的封建階層社會，拿破崙法國的入侵，使德境各國都受到法國直接或間接的影響而巨型一連串的改革，這些改革下身所帶來的最直接影響應是農業對封建社會的鬆動，乃至於解構，即使這一切並非一蹴可幾，花費的時間長達半個世紀以上。
本文探討的主要議題一方面在於分析封建社會結構的變遷及經濟的轉型，進而探討變遷中的社會與資本主義思維方式下對工業化所帶來的有利因素，同時也探討在社會與經濟轉型中對廣大人民所帶來的困境，另一方面也試圖由社會變遷、經濟轉型及政策來瞭解勞工意識的形成及勞工運動開展的背景。

關鍵字

工業化 ； 社會變遷 ； 經濟轉型 ； 政府政策 ； 勞工意識 ； 勞工運動

並列摘要

The beginning of the German industrialization can be traced to the end of the 18(superscript th) century, but this sprout of industrialization was disrupted by the invasion of Napoleon's French troops. Many years' occupation as well as frequent wars had rendered most of the German States in a depleted condition, burdened with crushing debts. With the defeat of Napoleon, states in Germany picked up the pieces and underwent a process of economic reconstruction in a quickened pace, despite the general trend of restoration.
The German Customs Union was established in 1834 and the mid of 1830s witnessed the age for a restart of German industrialization. By the end of 1850s, states in the German Customs Union already arrived at the stage of taking off in their industrialization, which not only brought Germany into the world system of capitalism, but also laid down the foundation for Germany to become an industrialized country after its unification in 1871.
The German states were basically characterized with the agricultural feudal society before industrialization. With the invasion of Napoleon the German states experienced influence, directly or indirectly, from France and started to initiate a series of reforms. The most direct consequence of these reforms was to undermine, and even topple, the agricultural feudal system even though this had taken for more than half a century to complete.
The main points of this paper are aimed at an analysis of the transformation of the German feudal societies and their economic systems, then with an inquiry into the transformed societies as well as into the positive impact the new thought of capitalism brought upon industrialization. Besides, it is pertinent to inquire into the great distress the mass of population underwent during this process of transformation, and furthermore, to make an attempt to understand the general background for the formation of working-class consciousness and the rise of labor movement in terms of social transformation, economic development and government policy.

並列關鍵字

industrialization ； social transformation ； economic development ； government policy ； woking-class consciousness ； labour movement