從利他到自律：哈其森與史密斯經濟思想間的轉折

From Benevolence to Self-command: On a Discrepancy between Francis Hutcheson's and Adam Smith's Economic Thoughts

陳正國(Jeng-Guo S. Chen)

《政治與社會哲學評論》 10期 (2004/09) Pp. 1-31

https://doi.org/10.6523/168451532004090010001

摘要

哈其森的道德哲學承認自利與利他的二元並存，但在後曼德維爾論述中，他刻意強調親社會的善行，也因此其經濟觀強調與傳統人文主義合轍的才德論。他肯認了自然世界的原則與存在，卻更強調道德世界的完成。亞當史密斯在哈其森的二元命題上發揮，強調生活的常態與一般性道德，相信自利，而非善行才是社會與歷史動力的來源。史密斯相信，人所要謹守的道德是以自我為中心關懷的謹慎，而非積極涉入他人幸福的利他。本文認為，史密斯的去才德化論述讓機械（自然化）的經濟運作成為可能，並且易於與歷史發展概念相結合。

關鍵字

哈其森 ； 蘇格蘭段蒙 ； 亞當史密斯 ； 才德論 ； 利他 ； 自利 ； 進步觀

並列摘要

Francis Hutcheson agreed the co-existence of self-love and benevolence in human nature. In the post-Mandevillean age, however, he emphasized virtuous qualities, not moneyed interests, in economics, labour and industry. As a precursor of political economy, Hutcheson was however more concerned with the world of morality than that of nature and progress. Adam Smith's moral philosophy is a re-disposition of Hutchesonian thesis of virtue. By individualizing benevolence Smith was able to theorise for economy mechanism and to consider economy in the line of idea of progress.

並列關鍵字

Francis Hutcheson ； A clam Smith ； virtue ； benevolence or altruism

參考文獻

A Third Concept of Liberty. Judgment and Freedom in Kant and Adam Smith

Economy, Polity and Society. British Intellectual History

Francis Hutcheson in Dublin 1694-1729

Shaftesbury and the Culture of Politeness

`Adam Smith as a Moralist`, Wealth and Virtue