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國家的靈魂:論史密特的主權概念

The Soul of the State: On Carl Schmitt's Concept of Sovereignty

摘要


對霍布斯而言,國家乃是一個「人造人」,而「主權」則是其「人造的靈魂」。史密特在論述「絕對意義下的憲法」時,也曾將「憲法」稱為國家的「靈魂」。這二個「國家的靈魂」概念之間有何不同?本文試圖透過「國家的靈魂」這個概念,由霍布斯與史密特關於「國家」概念的基本構想的差異著手,去探討史密特的「主權」概念。我們將分五個小節論述史密特的主權概念。(l)確定主權概念的基本問題為「事實上與法上的最高權力的結合」。由於這樣的「主權」概念預設了「國家」概念,而「國家」概念又預設了「政治」概念,因此(2)我們將進一步透過「政治」概念與「國家」概念的關係探討史密特的國家概念,看看史密特在其思想框架中是如何說明「國家」和「國家權威」的產生的。接著,(3)我們將透過將「主權問題」定性為「法形式的問題」,而論證主權的「法形式」即是「決斷」。為了凸顯史密特主權概念的現實意義,本文將(4)由「主權概念的社會學」著手,確定適用於民主法治國的主權類型的特徵,然後在(5)由史密特特別針對民主法治國類型的憲法而寫的鉅著《憲法學說》中關於「絕對意義下的憲法概念」的論述,去分析在這種類型的「憲法」中,國家、主權與憲法究竟是什麼關係,希望能提供一個我們反省台灣當前相關政治問題的參考架構。

關鍵字

史密特 主權 國家 憲法 政治 決斷

並列摘要


The state was for Thomas Hobbes an ”artificial man” and sovereignty its ”artificial soul”. Carl Schmitt also called the constitution in absolute sense the ”soul of the state”. Is there any difference between these two ”souls” of the state? The aim of this paper is to explore Carl Schmitt's concept of sovereignty in connection with this metaphor. I will (1) affirm that fundamental problem of the concept of sovereignty is the connection of actual power with the legally highest power, namely the connection of highest right with the highest power. For such a concept of sovereignty presupposes the concept of state which again presupposes that of the political, I will therefore (2) investigate the genesis of state and it's authority through explaining the relationship between these concepts. I will than (3) deal with the problem sovereignty as a problem of the legal form and argue that the legal form of sovereignty is decision. In order to emphasize the actual significance of Schmitt's concept of sovereignty I will now (4) try to find out the features which fit the type of sovereignty of a modern constitutional state through Schmitt's ”sociology of the concept of sovereignty”. Finally I will (5) focus on the concept of constitution in absolute sense of Schmitt's Verfassungslehre to analyze the relationship between state, constitution and sovereignty in order to offer an scheme for us to think about our related political issues in Taiwan.

並列關鍵字

Schmitt Sovereignty State Constitution The Political Decision

參考文獻


Groh, Ruth(1998).(Arbeit an der Heiligkeit der Welt: Zur politisch-theologischen Mythologie und Anthropologie Carl Schmitts).
Rumpf, Helmut(1972).(Carl Schmitt und Thomas Hobbes).
Schmitt, Carl(1987).(Der Begriff des Politischen).
Schmitt, Carl(1995).(Der Leviathan in der Staatslehre des Thomas Hobbes).
Schmitt, Carl(1917).(Der Wert des Staates und die Bedeutung des Einzelnen).

被引用紀錄


何明諠(2014)。法作為具體秩序:論史密特的法概念〔碩士論文,國立清華大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6843/NTHU.2014.00268
薛熙平(2020)。主權-例外狀態的弔詭:從阿岡本重返施密特政治與社會哲學評論(72),199-271。https://doi.org/10.6523/SOCIETAS.202006_(72).004
鍾芳樺(2006)。國家與法作為人民的自我組織:論威瑪時代Hans Kelsen, Carl Schmitt與Hermann Heller對法最終證立問題的分析〔博士論文,國立臺灣大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2006.01554
薛熙平(2023)。在例外與法治之間:緊急狀態理論思辨與新模式的建構臺大法學論叢52(4),1407-1485。https://doi.org/10.6199/NTULJ.202312_52(4).0001

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