從日常戰術到“新革命主體”：論de Certeau、Holloway與Negri筆下的權力與抵抗

From Everyday Tactics to the "New Revolutionary Subject": Power and Resistance à La Michel De Certeau, John Holloway and Antonio Negri and Beyond

萬毓澤(Poe Yu-Ze Wan)

《政治與社會哲學評論》 20期 (2007/03) Pp. 57-131

https://doi.org/10.6523/168451532007030020002

摘要

法國史學家Michel de Certeau對「日常生活」實踐的重視，及其對戰略與戰術的區分，可謂開「微觀政治實踐」風氣之先，因此本文先由他的理論著手，並帶出其理論中所蘊含的Deleuze式生機論與內在性哲學。由此出發，本文相繼引介了當代「自主主義」運動／思潮中的兩位代表人物Antonio Negri及John Holloway對權力、抵抗與新革命主體的看法，並將之與Deleuze式哲學及相關法政哲學交叉對照。從「文化研究」學界所大量運用的de Certeau，到對全球正義運動頗具影響力的Negri與Holloway，他們之間的差異雖然不可小覷，但本文試圖梳理出其一致與相互補充之處。本文接著試圖根據當前左翼對全球正義運動的參與、觀察與批判，來為另一種權力與抵抗觀奠定基礎。其中我指出，權能(potentia)與權力(potestas)、制憲力與憲定權、power-to與power-over的截然二分或許有重新思考的必要；激進左翼必須更正視國家權力，並更審慎地思考民主的制度安排問題；de Certeau之重戰術、輕戰略的取徑，雖然有其積極意義，但在全球正義運動蓬勃發展的今天，亦有重新詮釋的空間。本文最後討論了兩種「戰略思考」的意義，盼能引起更多的討論與對話。

關鍵字

戰略 ； 戰術 ； 諸眾 ； 反權力 ； 制憲力 ； 抵抗 ； 內在性

並列摘要

The French historian Michel de Certeau's emphasis upon ”everyday” practice (e.g. usage and consumption) and his distinction between strategy and tactic, arguably paves the way for what is now known as ”micropolitical practice”. This essay therefore begins by exploring de Certeau's theory, bringing out the Deleuzian vitalism and philosophy of immanence implicit in it. Theories of power and resistance á la two important figures of contemporary autonomism, Antonio Negri and John Holloway, are thereby introduced and compared with Deleuzian philosophy and related political philosophy. Theoretical differences do exist between de Certeau, whose ideas are fervently appropriated by cultural and media studies, and Negri and Holloway, who exert considerable influence upon the global justice movement, but this essay attempts to outline their affinities and the possibilities of their cross-fertilization. Based upon the participation in and critique of the global justice movement by the international radical left, this essay then aims to provide alternative conceptions of power and resistance. In doing so I argue that the binary opposition of potentia/potestas, constituent power/constituted power, and power-to/power-over is untenable; the radical left has to take state power and institutional arrangements of democracy more seriously; de Certeau's approach to strategy and tactic, despite its originality, also needs to be reformulated in an era of global resistance. Finally two levels of ”strategic thinking” are discussed with a hope to stimulate discussion and debates.

並列關鍵字

strategy ； tactic ； multitude ； anti-power ； constituent power ； resistance ； immanence

參考文獻

尹彥(2003)。列寧時期的黨內民主。廈門:廈門大學出版社。

聯合報(2006/09/16)

汪暉(2004)。現代中國思想的興起（下）。北京:三聯書店。

文化研究月報

莊國銘(2005)。論漢娜·鄂蘭的制憲權理念。思與言。43(4)，173-203。