民主改革的政治：困難與策略

The Politics of Democratic Reform: Difficulties and Strategies

蘇彥圖(Yen-Tu Su)

《政治與社會哲學評論》 60期 (2017/03) Pp. 105-184

https://doi.org/10.6523/168451532017030060003

摘要

民主制度的改革往往極難被啟動，而且既有的民主制度安排，也往往極難經由制式的民主決策程序獲得改變。不過，在傳統的改革論述的影響下，民主改革者多半視改革的困難為理所當然，也不太考慮要以何種策略推動改革。民主法的新制度論已經揭示了「改革的政治」的重要性。基於民主法新制度論的問題意識與理論關懷，本文整合運用發展自比較憲政制度、憲法理論、民主法、國會法等相關學術領域的分析觀點，探討改革的政治帶給民主改革者的兩項政治習題：（i）為什麼民主改革在許多時候是困頓難行的？（ii）面對困境，改革者可以採取哪些做法，來推動、促成民主改革？除了嘗試藉由一般理論層次的分析與說明，盤點並開展關於「如何從事民主改革的政治」這件事情的應用知識，本文基於應用民主理論的自我定位，也試圖影響、改變民主改革社群面對改革的政治的規範態度。本文主張：（i）民主改革者應當學習做一個改革的現實主義者，認真看待現實政治之於民主改革的限制、挑戰及機遇。（ii）民主改革者還應當積極面對策略政治之於民主改革的機會與挑戰，本於政治智慧與責任倫理，從事改革策略的選擇及創新。

關鍵字

改革的政治 ； 民主 ； 民主改革 ； 憲政 ； 民主法

並列摘要

Political reform of democratic institutions often encounters significant hurdles and prevails only at the mercy of political fortuna. The prevailing rhetoric of democratic reform, however, says nothing about the politics of reform. Inspired by the recent institutional turn in law of democracy scholarship and using analytical and conceptual tools as developed by students of democratic institutions and political reforms in adjacent fields, this article attempts to develop a general applied theory about the politics of democratic reform. This article first identifies and analyzes six common difficulties facing democratic reformers. It also takes a closer look at crisis as a double-edged sword for democratic reform. It then assesses four typical strategies (approaches, or game plans) for democratic reform. While the main objective of this theoretical endeavor is to deepen the understanding about the difficulties and possibilities of democratic reform from the standpoint of the democratic reformers, this article also argues for realism and strategic thinking as necessary virtues to be cultivated in the reform community.

並列關鍵字

the politics of reform ； democracy ； democratic reform ； constitutional politics ； the law of democracy

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