國家意志與政治行動：霍布斯、鮑桑葵與柯靈烏論主權國家的代表與臨現

The Will of the State and Political Action: Hobbes, Bosanquet and Collingwood on the Representation and Presence of the Sovereign State

劉佳昊(Jia-Hau Liu)

《政治與社會哲學評論》 63期 (2017/12) Pp. 131-184

https://doi.org/10.6523/168451532017120063003

摘要

本文旨在探討霍布斯的主權國家理論及其疑難，如何經盧梭的人民主權學說影響了鮑桑葵和柯靈烏對於國家意志和政治行動的理解。以授權代表說為本，霍布斯主張國家人格須藉主權代表的意志與行動才可再現。但盧梭宣稱，主權意志無法經代表再現，故除了全體人民組成的議會外，沒有任何政府機關或統治者可僭稱為主權者。由此，主權是否可在不經代表再現的情形下實際進行治理活動、具體發揮統治作用，便是霍布斯和盧梭兩人存留下來的一項理論疑難。以此疑難出發，本文將指出，鮑桑葵和柯靈烏即分從「意志構造論」和「具現行動論」的角度就主權國家的臨現進行論說，隨而揭示了主權國家理論從意志論範式向結構論和行動論轉變的發展。

關鍵字

霍布斯 ； 盧梭 ； 鮑桑葵 ； 柯靈烏 ； 主權國家 ； 代表 ； 政治行動

並列摘要

This article aims to discuss how Hobbes's theory of the sovereign state and its puzzles have, through Rousseau's doctrine of popular sovereignty, influenced Bosanquet's and Collingwood's conceptions of the will of the state and political action. On the basis of his 'authorisation-representation' thesis, Hobbes claims that the person of the state has to be represented by the sovereign representative to will and act. However, Rousseau counters that the sovereign's will cannot be represented, except by the assembly of the whole people, hence no government or ruler can arrogate the name of the sovereign. In virtue of this difference between Hobbes and Rousseau, the issue of whether sovereignty can be present in the course of ruling and governing without representatives or not is a puzzle which thus remains for scholars and thinkers. Taking the puzzle as the starting point, this article argues that Bosanquet and Collingwood have proposed a theory of the organisation of the will of the state and a theory of the actualisation of the state in action respectively to disclose the presence of the sovereign state, and the thesis of the will as a paradigm of theorising the sovereign state has thus been developed and transformed.

並列關鍵字

Hobbes ； Rousseau ； Bosanquet ； Collingwood ； the sovereign state ； representation ； political action

參考文獻

蔡英文，2010。〈政治的代表性與自由民主體制：施密特、鄂蘭與勒弗論國家與人民的關係〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，32期，頁1-63。

蕭高彥，2009。〈霍布斯論基源民主〉，《政治與社會哲學評論》，29期，頁49-93。

陳嘉銘，2014。〈「創造出公民，要什麼就都有了」？論盧梭的自由、愛國主義和實現共和的弔詭〉，《人文及社會科學集刊》，26卷2期，頁175-218。

Bosanquet, Bernard. 2001. The Philosophical Theory of the State and Related Essays, eds. by Gerald F. Gaus and William Sweet. South Bend, Indiana: St. Augustine's Press.

Collingwood, Robin George. 1992. The New Leviathan, ed. by David Boucher. Oxford: Clarendon Press.