由氣候正義評估框架探討德國雙邊氣候財務機制

多項國際研究指出氣候變遷是人類面臨最大的威脅之一，但應對氣候變遷需要世界各國共同合作，如何讓立場各異的已開發國家和開發中國家合作，氣候資金扮演重要的角色。從1992年通過的《聯合國氣候變化綱要公約》乃至於2015年通過的《巴黎協定》，均不斷重申已開發國家應提供資金和技術，協助開發中國家加強減緩與調適能力。在國際氣候談判所建立的共同但有區別的責任原則，以及氣候正義的發展背景下，國際氣候財務機制於焉成立。其中，雙邊氣候財務機制為氣候資金的最重要來源。有鑒於此，本文以國際氣候機制之雙邊財務機制做為研究主體，以氣候正義之角度切入，探討德國之雙邊氣候財務機制設計是否符合氣候正義。本研究首先由氣候治理面臨之困境出發，探討氣候正義之發展，並應用哲學之正義概念，與國際環境法中對於氣候正義之回應建構氣候正義之評估框架，最後以德國之雙邊氣候財務機制－國際氣候倡議做為個案，檢視其是否符合氣候正義。依據本文所建構之氣候正義之三個面向，本研究發現，德國之國際氣候倡議大致符合分配正義及程序正義之評估指標，然而在代際正義的面向，有部分評估指標未能達成。本文認為，援助國在設計氣候財務機制時，若能符合氣候正義評估框架，將更能符合受援國之需要。

關鍵字

氣候變遷；共同但有區別的責任；國際氣候倡議；程序正義；分配正義；代際正義；國際氣候倡議

並列摘要

Various international studies have shown that climate change is one of the biggest threats to mankind. However, to tackle climate change requires the cooperation of all countries in the world. Climate funds play an important role in promoting the cooperation between industrialized and developing countries with different positions. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change adopted in 1992 and the Paris Agreement adopted in 2015 repeatedly reiterated that developed countries should provide funds and technologies to help developing countries strengthen their mitigation and adaptation capabilities. In the context of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities established in international climate negotiations and the development of climate justice, the international climate finance mechanisms are established accordingly. Among them, the bilateral climate finance mechanism is the most important source of climate funds. In this regard, taking the bilateral finance mechanism of the international climate mechanism as the research subject, this study aims to discuss whether the design of the bilateral climate finance mechanism of Germany conforms to climate justice from the perspective of climate justice. First, starting from the difficulties of climate governance, this study discusses the development of climate justice. Then, based on the concept of justice in philosophy, this study constructed an evaluation framework of climate justice in response to climate justice in International Environmental Law. Finally, taking the bilateral climate finance mechanism of Germany, an international climate initiative, as an example, this study examines whether this mechanism conforms to climate justice. According to the three dimensions of climate justice constructed in this study, we found that Germany's international climate initiative is mostly in line with the distribution and procedural justice. However, some evaluation indicators fail to reach the goal from the aspect of intergenerational justice. In this study, we believed that donor countries' design of climate finance mechanism will be more in line with the needs of recipient countries if the design conforms to the climate justice evaluation framework.

並列關鍵字

Climate change ； common but differentiated responsibilities(CBDR) ； procedural justice ； distributive justice ； intergenerational justice ； International Climate Initiative(IKI)

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