- 期刊
閩粵？福客？清代臺灣漢人族群關係新探－以屏東平原爲起點
Fujianese-Guangdongese or Holo-Hakka? A New Exploration of the Relationship between Taiwan's Han Ethnic Groups in the Qing Dynasty-Beginning on the Plains of Pingdong
摘要
清代臺灣漢人的族群關係，閩粵分類械鬥是常被論述或研究的課題。以方言群觀察族群關係，在清代臺灣史的相關研究上，似較不為學者所重視。於是，長久以來，客家方言群移民常被納入粵籍中處理，將粵等同於客家，閩等同於福佬，似乎是不辯自明的概念；以往學者在處理清代臺灣漢人的族群關係時，亦多以橫向的省界為分類標準。然而，所謂的「閩、粵」與「福佬、客家」其實分屬省籍與語系兩個不同的分類範疇，彼此界線並不相符，而且存在複雜的交集與合集關係。因此，在瞭解廣東省與福建省民系或語系的分布後，其實應將縱向的語群分界納入考量，藉由省籍與語言界線所穿插出來的四個區塊，可以更清楚地瞭解清代來臺漢移民間的結合情形。本文藉由康熙60(1721)年發生在屏東平原的朱一貴事件及道光26(1846)年分類械鬥中人群分合的初步釐清，瞭解清代屏東平原漢人間的分類衝突，其人我界定標準並非省籍等行政疆界，即當時屏東平原漢人的族群關係，與其說是依分籍對立，毋寧說是依方言分類，因為只有從這個觀點切入，方能瞭解為何當時閩屬汀州移民「附粵不附閩」，以及粵屬潮、惠二府移民多與漳泉交好的現象。本文雖強調方言群認同在清代屏東平原漢人族群關係的作用，卻並非認為方言群的認同作用必然大於祖籍或鄉黨意識。在不同區域內，移民人數與其文化經濟力量的強弱會牽引出不同的族群關係。提出方言群的思考方向，只是希望在以往祖籍的單線分類之外，提供思考清代漢人族群關係時另一個可供參考的面向。
並列摘要
The discord in classification of Taiwan's Fujianese-Guangdongese ethnic groups during the Qing Dynasty is a commonly discussed and researched issue. Thus far, related research of the historians of Qing Taiwan has not attached any special importance to the relationship between observations of ethnic group dialects. Therefore, for many years, immigrants with a Hakka dialect were often grouped with those from Guangdong, causing the seemingly self-evident concept that Guangdonese were Hakka, and similarly that Fujianese were Holo. Previously, when scholars had dealt with the relationship between Taiwan's Han ethnic groups in the Qing, classification was commonly made through horizontal provincial boundaries. However, so called 'Fujianese-Guangdongese' and 'Holo-Hakka' in actuality enjoin classifications of province and language family. Such a division is by no means consistent, as complicated mixed and intersecting relationship exist. Consequently, in order to understand how ethnic and language groups are classified throughout the provinces of Guangdong and Fujian, vertical language groups must be taken into account. By intertwining provincial and lingual borders in four areas, it is possible to clearly understand the circumstances uniting Han immigrants in Taiwan during the Qing Dynasty. Through the initial classification disparity between union and division of ethnic groups involved in the Rebellion of Zhu Yigui occurring on the plains of Pingdong in 1721 and 1846, this paper will explain the classification conflict between the Chinese from the Pingdong plains. This definition is not one of provincial administrative boundaries-namely the relationship of Pindong Han ethnic groups: what is said to be in accordance with oppositions in divisions of nationality, but rather in accordance with dialectical classifications. Only this perspective enables understanding of why Fujianese immigrating from Dingzhou 'adhered to Guangdongese not Fujianese' and why Guangdongese immigrating Chaozhou and Huizhou were on intimate terms with Fujianese immigrating from Zhangzhou and Quanzhou during this time. This text, although emphasizing identification of Han ethnic groups of Pingdong plains area in the Qing by dialect, does not argue that dialect identification superceded that of an ancestral home (native) or village consciousness. Within different regions, immigrant numbers and the intensity of their cultural-economic force drew forth varying ethnic group relationships. While raising the concept of dialect groups, I hope to provide another perspective for observation of and reflection about the relationship between Han ethnic groups in the Qing.