再現「成功」：《黃帝四經》「黃帝戰蚩尤」的書寫特色及其學術意義

在1973年馬王堆漢墓出土的古佚書中，值得注意的是被歸屬於《黃帝四經》的《十六經》，乃因其是四部古佚書當中唯一出現「黃帝」者，並多以「君臣對話」的形式展開。而《黃帝四經》的「作爭」與「兵道」精神，亦體現在《十六經》中對於「黃帝戰蚩尤」一事的書寫安排上，計有〈五正〉與〈正亂〉二章，且其黃帝形象為現存傳世文獻之所無。可惜現今學者對於《黃帝四經》的論述，多著墨在「黃老」思想對《老子》縱向的繼承與發展，而對其中的黃帝形象、書寫手法，欠缺應有的關注與辨析。通過此二章的細究可以發現：其一，〈五正〉與〈正亂〉對於「黃帝戰蚩尤」的書寫大篇幅著重在「戰前謀劃」，且在符合天時的原則下，將爭奪與殺戮視為人主的必要舉措，並由黃帝之臣擔綱時機的判定者；其二，在「戰後處置」時，黃帝將戰敗的蚩尤進行肢解，用以行賞與立威，並強力要求與恫嚇諸侯共食蚩尤的屍肉，作為戮力同心的保證。除了映照出戰國大爭之世的嚴酷，其戰前的籌畫與戰後的處置，比起傳世文獻中的「黃帝戰蚩尤」記載更填補了方法上的空白，致使這場一統天下的關鍵戰役，得以成為當世再現、操作的典範，無論其是否為歷史之真。這應當正視為黃老學者在百家樂言黃帝的時代潮流中，欲凸顯自身特色與問題意識的積極嘗試。

關鍵字

《黃帝四經》；黃帝；黃老；涿鹿之戰；蚩尤

並列摘要

Among the long-lost manuscripts unearthed in Han-era tombs in Mawangdui during 1973, The Sixteen Classics, categorized in The Yellow Emperor's Four Classics, is noteworthy because it is the only text that clearly represents the Yellow Emperor in the form of dialogues between the monarch and his officials. The central ideas of political struggle and military strategy in The Yellow Emperor's Four Classics have also been foregrounded in the writing of ＂The War between the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou＂ in The Classics, specifically in ＂Wu Cheng＂ and ＂Cheng Luan.＂ More importantly, the image of the Yellow Emperor in these two texts could not be found in other existing historical materials. However, current scholarship on The Yellow Emperor's Four Classics has concentrated more on the formation and explanation of the Huang-Lao thought than on the representation of the Yellow Emperor and its textual characteristics. The main argument of this paper is twofold. First, the writing of ＂The War between the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou＂ in ＂Wu Cheng＂ and ＂Cheng Luan＂ focuses significantly on prewar preparations. Second, the treatments of Chiyou after the war have been rather savage and sanguinary. These textual portraits have profoundly revealed how academic developments of the Huang-Lao thought respond and contribute to the Warring States period.