半總統制的形成和演化－台灣、法國、波蘭與芬蘭的比較研究

The Formation and Evolution of Semi-Presidentialism: A Comparative Study of Taiwan, France, Poland and Finland

陳宏銘(Hong-Ming Chen) ； 梁元棟(Yuan-Dong Liang)

《臺灣民主季刊》 4卷4期 (2007/12) Pp. 27-69

https://doi.org/10.6448/TDQ.200712.0027

摘要

半總統制內蘊新的權力分立特質，具有別於總統制和議會制的演化能力，已為新興民主國家廣泛採用。但，現有關於此種制度的形成和演化模式之研究相當罕見，本文採取四個主要案例之比較研究，對此問題做初步的探討，這些案例為法國、芬蘭、波蘭與台灣，前兩者是早期民主國家，後二者是新興民主國家。作者採用Shugart與Carey的「總理－總統制」與「總統－議會制」分類作為半總統制次類型概念，並探討不同案例的制度形成和演化方向：芬蘭和波蘭在形成半總統制之後的不同變遷階段中均由「總統－議會制」演化為「總理－總統制」，並逐步趨近議會制精神，尤其是芬蘭；至於法國在第五共和時期同樣經歷半總統制不同型態的演化，亦即由第五共和早期的「總統－議會制」（1962-1986年）演化為1986年之後所謂的「換軌制」。最後，台灣屬於「總統－議會制」，而且，在2004年之後更明顯地向總統權力傾斜。

關鍵字

半總統制 ； 總統制 ； 議會制 ； 演化

並列摘要

Semi-presidentialism has been the popular form of government in new democracies. However, popular academic wisdom is resolutely opposed to the adoption of this form of government. Even so, no country that has adopted semi-presidentialism has transitioned to presidentialism or a parliamentary system. Therefore, thus far, semi-presidentialism has not been just a stepping stone or an uncertain constitutional solution during democratization. As systematic analysis of the formation and evolution of this type of government is scarce, this study tries to provide answers based on the experiences of four country cases: Taiwan, France, Poland and Finland. These four cases are all democratic societies. The former two are older, stable democratic countries, and the latter two are new democracies. Using Shugart and Carey's categories of “premier-presidential” and ”president-parliamentary,” this paper describes and explains the formation of semi-presidentialism in each case and analyzes the path and direction of their evolution. We found that both Finland and Poland experienced a path of transition from president-parliamentary to premier-presidential during different stages of evolution. Although both of them still preserved the framework of semi-presidentialism, the power of the president had been weakened and the government as a whole turned toward a parliamentary system, especially Finland. France and Taiwan represent two other types. France has experienced different types of semi-presidentialism. It has transitioned from president-parliamentary (1962-1986) to a unique type of government after 1986-the so called ”alternating system,” which means that we should no longer treat France as a pure premier-presidential system. Finally, Taiwan belongs to the president-parliamentary category, and since 2004, it has operated much more like a presidential system.

並列關鍵字

semi-presidentialism ； presidentialism ； parliamentiary system ； evolution

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