站在政治獻金背後「說話」的利益團體－省思美國多元化社會的自由與平等

Interest Groups are "Talking" Behind the Political Contributions: Considering the Freedom and Equality in American Pluralistic Society

郭俊偉(Jeffrey J. Guo)

《臺灣民主季刊》 7卷2期 (2010/06) Pp. 77-123

https://doi.org/10.6448/TDQ.201006.0077

摘要

本文運用歷史分析之角度，以相關的利益團體理論來形塑出一變遷模型，後由次級資料來印證美國社會中利益團體在這些政治獻金背後所扮演的角色影響，其目的在於探討利益團體如何以政治獻金影響政治運作。內容先就時代變遷下，說明美國政治獻金相關法令之發展背景與改革，再結合杜魯門(David Truman)與薩利斯伯瑞(Robert H. Salisbury)的利益團體觀點，探討利益團體之發展過程與描繪其如何運用遊說與政治獻金來影響政策制定與選舉結果的方式。藉由討論美國保守派與自由派的傳統立場與歷年總統選舉之例證更可強化模型觀點。本文發現到在民主社會中，政治獻金爲言論自由發聲的一種方式，如融入政治平等之概念來設計法規，可概念化一新的利益團體發展模型來說明多元社會下一步發展的可能性。美國在政治獻金方面雖有諸多爭議點與改善空間，但其改革過程仍可提供我國啟示及法律施行後參酌援引之處。

關鍵字

利益團體 ； 遊說 ； 政治獻金 ； 言論自由與政治平等 ； 美國總統選舉

並列摘要

This paper applies historical analysis with the theory of interest groups to shape a model of change. The paper then uses secondhand data to represent the role played and effectiveness of interest groups standing behind political contributions in the American society. Its main purpose is to discuss the political participation of interest groups by donating political contributions as the access to political practice. The contents of the paper start by describing the laws of America about political contributions. It then combines the perspectives of interest groups from Truman and Salisbury to discuss the development of interest groups and to depict how they affect the policy making and elections by political contributions. Taking into account the traditional arguments of Conservatives and Liberals, paired with historical American presidential campaigns, viewpoints of model can be strengthened. This article discovers that political contributions may be a way to support the freedom of speech, and it illustrates the possible development of the next step for the American pluralistic society with the idea of political equality to create regulations and laws. Perhaps there are still some debates and room for improvement for America in political contributions, but the process of reformation also provides evidence and experienced needed to carry out the laws for the legal system in our country.

並列關鍵字

interest groups ； lobbying ； political contributions ； freedom of speech and political equality ； the U.S. presidential election

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