宗教、社會運動與民主化－左翼社會主義、自由派還是伊斯蘭主義？

Religion, Social Movement, and Democratization: The Leftist Socialism, Liberal Thoughts, or Islamism?

劉育成(Yu-Cheng Liu)

《臺灣民主季刊》 8卷3期 (2011/09) Pp. 1-44

https://doi.org/10.6448/TDQ.201109.0001

摘要

2010年底，突尼西亞一名受過大學教育的青年在街頭自焚的事件，就像野火燎原般地席捲了數個北非與中東國家。這些抗議行動的主要目的都是要嘗試擺脫原本的威權統治，要求更充分與更自由的民主政治體制。埃及人民受到突尼西亞革命勝利的鼓舞，同樣選擇走上街頭以表達對既存政權的不滿。透過社群網站與其他電子通訊設備的串聯，埃及人民用更短的時間便迫使政權垮台。這兩場運動的結果象徵的不僅是人民不再願意忍受威權統治下的不自由與不平等，同時也彰顯了人民在面對國家機器時所具有的主體性與能動性。這兩場運動的特殊性表現在，第一，這兩個國家都是穆斯林占多數的國家；第二，被推翻的兩個政權都是親西方、世俗化的政權；第三，在這兩個社會中主要的反對力量都是與宗教有關密切相關，在這裡指的是伊斯蘭主義團體；第四，在運動過程中，宗教因素均極力地被淡化。由於這些社會與文化脈絡上的特殊性，當反政府的示威與抗議運動爆發之際，以及後續的發展上，宗教團體在其中扮演的角色與功能便格外引人注意。本文將從上述特殊性出發，進一步探究宗教（團體）在其中的角色。運動本身是否如媒體報導的如此單純與世俗化，或許是值得深思。從突尼西亞與埃及的例子中，本研究發現，宗教（團體）在社會運動，尤其是在所謂的「民主化運動」上可能具有重要位置。然而，在策略上，宗教（主要是指伊斯蘭主義團體）則需要巧妙地迴避成爲親西方、世俗化政權矛頭所指的對象。本研究將探究伊斯蘭主義、左派社會主義與自由派思想三者在突尼西亞與埃及社會中的複雜關係。其彼此間偶然的結盟與對立爲這兩場運動的成功帶來貢獻。本研究並嘗試指出在社會運動／民主化過程中，宗教團體是如何不會也不應該缺席的。

關鍵字

伊斯蘭主義 ； 左翼社會主義 ； 茉莉花革命 ； 民主化運動 ； 社會運動

並列摘要

In the late 2010, a young man's self-immolation in the suburbs of Tunis, the capital of Tunisia, ignited a series of anti-government revolts from Tunisia to Egypt, and then to other countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). People's desire to live more liberal and with more justice pours them into the streets, and expresses their voices to the governments disappointed them. It was called ”Jasmine Revolution”. Following and encouraged by the achievements Tunisians have made within a month, Egyptians also organized their own revolts in Cairo and other cities all over the country. They overthrew the regime of Mubarak within less than three weeks, and established the interim government in order to prepare for the general election after six months. Considering these two people's movements, they have something in common. First of all, the two countries are muslim-majorities. Second, the two regimes overthrown are pro-Western and pro-secular. Third, the biggest and most powerful oppositions are Islamist groups, Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and Ennahdha in Tunisia, although they were oppressed by the authorities for a long time. Forth and the last, the role of religion, Islam and Islamism, has been minimalized during the revolts. Due to these common features, most of the mass media reported and emphasized that these movements must to be secular and Islamist-free. Even the Islamist groups announced this to the public since they joined. Despite Islam and Islamism, like the media most reported, may not play important role in these revolts, they still contribute a lot to them. Strategically, these Islamist groups have to avoid from being the target of those authoritarian regimes lest they could be brutally suppressed under the name of anti-terrorism. The success of these revolts involves several forces, including mainly three kinds: Islamism, leftist socialism, and liberal thoughts. This essay will examine the relationship among these three forces, and how they contribute to the revolts, historically, theoretically, and practically. We argue that religion and religious groups always play a certain role on the way to democratization, they will not and should not be absent from social movements toward democracies.

並列關鍵字

Islamism ； leftist socialism ； Jasmine Revolution ； democratization ； social movement

參考文獻

劉育成(2007)。伊斯蘭改革運動中的穆斯林女性議題之探究。新世紀宗教研究。6(1)，81-129。

Abedin, Mahan (Interviewer) and Rashid AI-Ghannouchi (Interviewee) (2011). Tunisia: the advent of liberal Islamism - an interview with Rashid AI-Ghannouchi (Interview transcript). http://religion.info/english/interviews/article_516.shtml (accessed June 2, 2011).

Rubin, Barry(ed.)(2011).Guide to Islamist Movements.Armonk, New York:M.E. Sharpe.

Amr, Tarek (2011). “Egypt: Will January 25 be the day of the Egyptian Intifada." Globalvoices, January 23. http://globalvoicesonline.org/2011/01/23/egypt-will-january-25-be-the-day-of-the-egyptian-intifada/ (accessed June 2, 2011).

Auxier, Richard (2011). “Egypt, Democracy and Islam.” PRC Global Attitudes Project, January 31. http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1874/egypt-protests-democracy-islam-influence-politics-islamic-extremism (accessed June 2, 2011).