自民黨何於2009年失去政權？－「分立國會」的觀點

Why Did the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan Lose its Political Power in 2009?: From the Perspective of Divided Diet

吳明上(Ming-Shan Wu)

《臺灣民主季刊》 12卷1期 (2015/03) Pp. 175-209

摘要

為何執政經驗長久的自民黨會輸掉2009年的眾議院選舉而失去政權？既有的研究從選票結構、後小泉時代三位首相的領導權、媒體的議題設定效果等面向提出了具有說服力的成果，本文無意否定或質疑既有成果，而是擬以新的觀點「分立國會」來論述自民黨失去政權的原因。2007年7月的參議院選舉結果，自民黨政權失去過半數席次，出現所謂的「分立國會」狀態。「分立國會」的狀態直到2009年自民黨失去政權後才解除。本文研究發現，2007年參議院選舉結果，出現二大政黨體制，而且在「分立國會」狀態下，眾議院多數勢力的執政黨到了參議院成為少數勢力，加上在野黨民主黨以取得政權為優先目標的戰略下，壓縮了朝野協商的空間，導致朝野對立的白熱化。民主黨發揮在參議院的主導優勢，杯葛自民黨提出的重要法案，迫使自民黨強行動用眾議院再度決議的手段，以及通過首相的究責決議案，否認首相的資格，逼迫福田首相辭職以及麻生首相解散眾議院。從本文的實證研究得知，參議院實際上扮演著足以左右政權運作的關鍵角色，其功能已經超越了憲法賦予的第二院的功能。

關鍵字

分立國會 ； 國會政治 ； 自民黨政權 ； 參議院 ； 政黨政治

並列摘要

Why did the experienced Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) lose the House of Representatives election in 2009, thereby causing it to lose its political power? Based on the evidence obtained from the ballot structure, the leadership of three post-Koizumi Prime Ministers, the effects of media agenda settings, extant studies have provided persuasive findings to the reason causing LDP to lose its political power. This study does not intend to oppose or doubt such findings. Instead, we formulated a new perspective-Divided Diet-to explain why the LDP had lost its political power.The Japanese House of Councilors election result in July 2007 indicated that the LDP lost more than half of their seats in the election, resulting in the ＂Divided Diet＂ phenomenon. This phenomenon lasted until 2009, when the LDP lost political power. In this study, we identified that two major political parties appeared after the House of Councilors election in 2007. In the ＂Divided Diet＂ state, the majority of the ruling parties in the House of Representatives became minorities in the House of Councilors. In addition, the Democratic Party of Japan, based on the tactic of acquiring political power, compressed the space for negotiation among political parties, intensifying the opposition therein. The Democratic Party used its dominance in the House of Councilors to boycott bills proposed by the LDP, which forced the LDP to seek resolution from the House of Representatives. Subsequently, through the censure motion directed at the prime minister, the eligibility of the prime minister was denied, forcing Prime Minister Fukuda to resign from his position and causing Prime Minister Aso to dissolve the House of Representatives. In this empirical study, we determined that the House of Councilors plays a key role in political operations and that the function of the House of Councilors has exceeded that outlined in the Constitution for a bicameral system.

並列關鍵字

divided Diet ； parliamentary politics ； LDP regime ； House of Representatives ； party politics

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