民主轉型國家的選舉課責實踐—印尼的個案研究

The Enforcement of Electoral Accountability in Transitional Democracies: the Case of Indonesia

謝尚伯(Shang-po Hsieh)

《臺灣民主季刊》 12卷3期 (2015/09) Pp. 83-133

摘要

選舉課責攸關一國的民主品質及其未來發展，但學界對它的理解仍不足，而本文認為學界尚缺乏以選舉課責推動者為研究對象並探索其與文化等脈絡因素交互作用的分析。以印尼2004年拒選爛政客運動為個案，透過訪談輔以文獻分析，本文解釋選舉課責於民主轉型國家實踐的機會、限制與挑戰。本文主張：改革時期的印尼擁有利於推動選舉課責實踐的社會脈絡，但受到過往威權統治的遺緒及政黨利益支配改革過程的影響，2004年當時的文化、公共領域以及制度脈絡並不足以支撐選舉課責活動，以至於2004年的拒選運動並不成功。然而，從爛政客一詞普及與選舉法規更為完備等現象觀之，拒選運動改善了印尼的制度與文化等脈絡條件，這為爾後的選舉課責實踐打好基礎，非政府組織如何因應接踵而來的挑戰則關係到選舉課責實踐的進程。本文除可解釋為何選舉課責難於民主轉型國家推動，也有助延伸學界在選舉課責上的討論。

關鍵字

選舉課責 ； 民選議員 ； 非政府組織 ； 印尼

並列摘要

Electoral accountability is essential to both the quality and future development of democracy, but the scholarly understanding of it remains poor. This paper suggests that relevant discussions should have the focus on actors who promote electoral accountability, the context in which they take actions, and the interaction between the two. By analyzing the Anti-Rotten-Politician Movement in Indonesia, launched by several Jakarta-based NGOs in 2004, this paper offers explanations of opportunities for, limitations on, and challenges to the enforcement of electoral accountability in transitional democracies. This paper argues that, though Indonesia's social context favoured the enforcement of electoral accountability, its culture, public sphere and institutions did not offer support. As a result, the 2004 Anti-Rotten-Politician Movement did not succeed. Nevertheless, there were clues showing that Jakartabased NGOs' efforts improved the context after 2004, underpinning the enforcement of electoral accountability in the aftermath of the 2004 general election. The progress of the enforcement largely hinges on how NGOs deal with subsequent challenges. This paper not only explains difficulties in the enforcement of electoral accountability in transitional democracies but extends scholarly discussions on it.

並列關鍵字

electoral accountability ； elected representatives ； nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) ； Indonesia

參考文獻

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