作為一名總是以「邊緣人」角度來看這世界的政治理論家,史珂拉(Judith Shklar)提出了自己的不正義理論。相較於多數自由主義者總是汲汲營營地尋找政治中的最大公約數,史珂拉反其道而行,關注被排除在這最大公約數外的弱勢者或團體。而這樣的不正義理論背後,其實是帶有濃濃的懷疑主義氣味。本文即是要透過史珂拉的懷疑主義,探討如何建構其不正義理論,進而能理解她的自由主義思想。筆者將透過四個部份來解析史珂拉的思想,首先從她對重法主義的批評,帶出她對於追求確定性和尋求標準的理論的質疑,開啟她對不正義的關注。接著第二部份,再由此來觀察史珂拉的恐懼的自由主義來衍生出她的不正義理論,並說明這樣的不正義理論不會是消極無作為的,反之,是積極的,是要我們對受害者更有敏感度,使得我們必須重新反思正義理論。第三部份則是對於殘酷的重視,以及她如何藉由說故事和心理學的方式來將殘酷置於首位,關心受害者處境,進而發展她的恐懼的自由主義。最後一部份,則是探討史珂拉對於烏托邦思想的看法,這也帶出她對於政治理論的看法,希望與恐懼是可以共存的,只要我們記得過去的殘酷與不正義的記憶。
As a political theorist, Judith Shklar constructed her injustice theory with reference to skeptical thinking and focused on the underprivileged minority who are excluded from the majority in society. Shklar's theory differs from other liberals in that she is against the idea that a systematic theory of justice should be built. In this article, I will elaborate on Shklar's political thought in four parts: (1) Shklar's criticism on legalism brings out her doubts on the idea of pursuing certainty and criteria among morality, politics, and law; (2) following Shklar's skeptical thinking, readers will come to understand why her injustice theory should be perceived as positive rather than negative. She inspired us to become more sensitive to victimhood and allow us to reflect on the justice theories; (3) I then demonstrate how Shklar interpreted cruelty with story and psychology in "Putting cruelty first"; (4) Finally, I will explore Shklar's views on utopianism, which lay out her perspectives toward political theory and political philosophy. We can be optimistic if we keep the memories of cruelty and injustice in our minds.