憲政體制、選舉制度、選舉時程與政府型態－台灣的個案分析

Constitutional System, Electoral System, Election Timing, and Government Type: A Case Analysis of Taiwan

蘇子喬(Tzu-chiao Su)

《臺灣民主季刊》 17卷1期 (2020/03) Pp. 45-82

摘要

本文以憲政體制、選舉制度（包括總統選制與國會選制）、選舉時程等變項所構成的分析架構，探討我國的憲政運作。2008年之前，我國國會選制為SNTV，總統選制為相對多數制，選舉時程為期中選舉，這三項制度因素將我國國會政黨體系塑造為兩大陣營的多黨制；SNTV的國會選制則將我國當時定位未明的半總統制確立為總統議會制；而在總統議會制與兩大陣營多黨制相互組合，以及期中選舉的影響下，政府型態遂形成「分立政府／少數內閣」。2008年之後，我國國會選制改為並立制，總統選制仍維持相對多數制，選舉期程改為反蜜月期與同時選舉，這三項制度因素將我國國會政黨體系塑造為兩黨制；而在總統議會制與兩黨制相互組合，以及反蜜月期／同時選舉的影響下，我國遂形成「一致政府／一黨內閣」的政府型態。若要建構我國憲政體制、選舉制度與選舉時程更為妥適的制度組合，本文認為，就國會選制而言，我國目前的並立制應該維持，但應提高比例代表制部分的席次比例，並降低政黨門檻；就總統選制而言，應考慮將我國目前採行的相對多數制改為兩輪決選制；就選舉時程而言，我國目前總統與國會同時選舉的安排應該維持，但應進一步將總統與國會調整為同時上任；就憲政體制而言，則應考慮將我國目前的總統議會制調整為總理總統制。

關鍵字

憲政體制 ； 選舉制度 ； 選舉時程 ； 政黨體系 ； 政府型態

並列摘要

In this paper, the analytical framework constituted by the constitutional system, electoral system, and election timing is used to explore Taiwan's constitutional operations. Before 2008, Taiwan's parliamentary electoral system was SNTV, the presidential electoral system was plurality system, and the election timing was midterm election. These three institutional factors changed Taiwan's parliamentary party system into a multi-party system with two-distinct coalition. The SNTV transformed the constitutional system from vague semi-presidential system back then into presidential parliamentary system. Meanwhile, with the combination of president-parliamentary system and multi-party system with two-distinct coalition, as well as the influence of the midterm elections, the divided government/minority cabinet was formed. After 2008, Taiwan's parliamentary electoral system was changed to the mixed-member majoritarian system, the presidential electoral system was still plurality system, and the election timing changed into counter-honeymoon and simultaneous elections. These three factors have transformed Taiwan's parliamentary party system into a two-party system. With the combination of presidential parliamentarism and two-party system, as well as the influence of the counter-honeymoon and simultaneous elections, the consistent government/one-party cabinet has been formed. To construct a more appropriate institutional combination of Taiwan's constitutional system, electoral system, and election timing, this paper deems it necessary to maintain Taiwan's current mixed-member majoritarian system, but the proportion of seats in the proportional representation should be increased, while the party threshold should be lowered. As far as the presidential electoral system is concerned, changing Taiwan's current plurality system into majority system may be considered. Concerning the election timing, the simultaneous election should be maintained, but the president and the parliament should also take office simultaneously. With regard to the constitutional system, it's necessary to transform Taiwan's current presidential parliamentarism into premier-presidentialism.

並列關鍵字

constitutional system ； electoral system ； election timing ； party system ； government type

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