論大規模政府監控之資訊隱私保障－評析美國聯邦法院相關裁判

Reclaiming Informational Privacy under Government Mass Surveillance: An Assessment of the U.S. Federal Courts Cases

林昕璇(Hsin-hsuan Lin)

《臺灣民主季刊》 17卷2期 (2020/06) Pp. 43-93

摘要

本文旨在探討當國家嫻熟地結合大數據應用與公權力措施，形成非以特定人為標的、未連結到明確終端目的之大規模監控時，對於個人資訊隱私權的衝擊影響。本文以憲法學及比較法學做為論述基礎，提出概念類分「大規模政府監控」的數項要素，繼之以美國聯邦法院相關指標性判決之理論發展與實踐經驗作為索解癥結的他山之石，反思資訊隱私在數位時代下的概念內涵與保障架構是否有重構之必要及如何成為可能。本文耙梳美國聯邦法院近年關於政府電信監控訴訟後發現，儘管巨量數據監控已大幅度改變人民對於隱私的認知與預設，2013年爆發的史諾登揭密案深刻呈現出美國聯邦法院於八十年代奠基於公／私領域二分邏輯所確立之「合理隱私期待」與「第三人理論」理論框架的缺陷。本文進一步引介「馬賽克理論」作為補充式的解釋取徑並予以評價。本文的結論是，美國聯邦司法權眾聲喧嘩的訴訟爭議與理論辯難，不僅勾勒大數據時代保障資訊隱私的迫切性，更催生資訊隱私權的典範轉移，朝向更彈性且適應社會真實脈絡的範式轉變。其活絡豐富之司法經驗對於建構一個更符合資訊隱私保障的法律機制尤具參考價值，足堪提供我國若干啟發性意義。

關鍵字

大規模政府監控 ； 大數據 ； 資訊隱私權 ； 美國聯邦憲法增修條文第四條 ； 第三人理論 ； 馬賽克理論

並列摘要

This article seeks to discuss the impact on privacy of personal information when the state couple big data technology with public measures to conduct massive metadata surveillance without targeting specific persons or having a specific purpose to surveil. Methodologically, this article employs constitutional law and comparative legal analysis to critically examine litigation in the U.S. triggered by government mass surveillance and establishes a conceptual category of ＂government mass surveillance,＂ which exhibit several elements. This is followed by an examination of the theoretical development and practical experience drawn from several seminal cases of the U.S. Federal Courts. This article found that the treasure trove of litigation in the U.S. Federal Courts have significantly changed people's perceptions and presumptions of privacy. The 2013 Snowden disclosures profoundly revealed that the federal judiciary of the U.S. is confronted by the inherent defects and deficiencies embedded in the theoretical framework of ＂reasonable expectations of privacy＂ and ＂third-party doctrine,＂ which was established in the 1980s and based on the dichotomy of the public / private domain. This article further introduces the ＂mosaic theory＂ as a supplementary interpretative approach and evaluates its enlightening significance. This article concludes that the rigorous debate between the U.S. federal court's judgment and American legal scholarship not only outlines the difficulty and urgency of reclaiming informational privacy in the era of big data, but also dictates a paradigm shift in our expectation of informational privacy toward a less standardized and more flexible interpretation. These insightful lessons should inform Taiwanese courts as they respond to prevailing issues presented by government mass surveillance.

並列關鍵字

government mass surveillance ； big data ； informational privacy ； the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution ； the third-party doctrine ； the mosaic theory

參考文獻

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