- 期刊
美國國務院與國防部在1958年臺海危機之決策過程
US State Department and Department of Defense Decision Making Process in the 1958 Taiwan Strait Crisis
摘要
1958年8月23日共軍對金門發動砲擊，當時美國國務院與國防部為因應臺海危機，採取一系列之外交與軍事因應方案。本文試圖釐清下列研究問題：首先，國務院內部在危機前對外島防衛立場之爭議、危機中避免衝突升高之建議，以及危機後推動裁減外島駐軍之爭辯等，分別為何？其次，國防部內部對於危機前外島防衛與使用核武之爭議、危機中美軍艦外島護航之情形，以及危機後美軍停止護航之爭辯等，分別為何？最後，國務院與國防部之間對於動用核武的爭論上，為何國務院能夠位居上風？至於本文研究主旨則是：由於艾森豪（Dwight David Eisenhower）總統對於處理臺海危機之思維，主要以「外交為主、軍事為輔」；因此，國防部所提出風險較高之建議未獲採納，而國務院以外交斡旋之提案則較獲總統青睞。
並列摘要
On August 23, 1958, the People's Liberation Army fired heavy artillery shells against Quemoy. Soon after which, the US State Department and Department of Defense initiated a series of diplomatic and military measures to lessen the military tension across the Taiwan Strait. This paper aims to answer the following questions. First, within the State Department, what were the disputes in defending the offshore islands before the crisis? What were the proposals being raised in avoiding crisis escalation? What were the arguments in implementing the reduction of the offshore islands' forces after the crisis? Second, within the Department of Defense, what were the disputes in the defense of the offshore islands, in the use of nuclear weapon before the crisis and in escorting Taiwan's vessels to the offshore islands during the crisis? What were the debates in suspending escort mission after the crisis? Finally, what were the arguments between State Department and Department of Defense concerning the use of nuclear weapon? The main theme of this paper is that based on President Eisenhower's mindset of ”diplomatic first and military second” in diminishing the crisis, the Department of Defense's high risk proposal of military response were turned down by Eisenhower. Thus, the lower risk proposal of diplomatic measures recommended by State Department gained an upper hand in the decision making process.
延伸閱讀
- 孫紹正（2011）。美國國安會主要成員在1958年臺海危機期間之決策爭辯與妥協。國防雜誌，26(3)，42-60。https://doi.org/10.6326/NDJ.2011.26(3).3
- 林瑋禾（2014）。美國冷戰時期的東亞外交策略－以1958年臺海危機為例。中興史學，(16)，107-132。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=16077075-201408-201502040014-201502040014-107-132
- 任育德（2005）。評戴超武，《敵對與危機的年代：1954-1958年的中美關係》。國立政治大學歷史學報，(23)，250-259。https://doi.org/10.30383/TJH.200505_(23).0007
- 林正義（2012）。蔣介石、毛澤東、甘迺迪與1962年臺海危機。遠景基金會季刊，13(4)，63-124。https://doi.org/10.7063/PQ.201210.0063
- 許峰源（2022）。Adjustment of Taiwan's Outer Islands Defense Strategy (1950-1955)。檔案半年刊，21(1)，28-43。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=P20190408001-202206-202207120012-202207120012-28-43